Drug Resistance in Leishmania Parasites: Consequences, Molecular Mechanisms and Possible Treatments

0502013 - BC 2019 RIV DE eng M - Část monografie knihy
Schönian, G. - Lukeš, Julius - Stark, O. - Cotton, J.A.
Molecular Evolution and Phylogeny of Leishmania.
Drug Resistance in Leishmania Parasites: Consequences, Molecular Mechanisms and Possible Treatments. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018 - (Ponte-Sucre, A.; Padrón-Nieves, M.), s. 19-57. ISBN 978-3-319-74185-7
Grant CEP: GA MŠMT(CZ) LL1601; GA ČR(CZ) GA16-18699S
Institucionální podpora: RVO:60077344
Klíčová slova: Leishmania * Evolution * Phylogeny * Taxonomy * Population genetics * Molecular markers * Microsatellite typing * Whole-genome SNPs
Obor OECD: Genetics and heredity (medical genetics to be 3)

The genus Leishmania was first described in 1903 for the parasite Leishmania donovani, but many additional species have been described since then. Although recent hierarchical taxonomic schemes have increasingly used molecular or biochemical characters to assign Leishmania organisms into different species, they are still heirs of the first classifications based primarily on geographical distribution, vector species, and disease presentations. The current classification system, based on multilocus enzyme electrophoresis, proposes up to 53 species, although molecular phylogenies of Leishmania suggest that the number of species may be too large. Very recently this classification system has been revised based on multiple gene phylogenies. For many decades, there has been a controversial discussion on whether the genus Leishmania appeared first in the Old World or in the New World. Analyses of whole-genome data led to the supercontinent hypothesis, in which the parasites evolved from a monoxenous ancestor on Gondwana and separated into Paraleishmania and all other species around the time when Gondwana split. Many molecular markers have demonstrated substantial intraspecies diversity and the existence of geographically and genetically isolated populations in all Leishmania species tested so far. In particular the idea that Leishmania evolve predominantly clonally with only rare sexual recombination has repeatedly been questioned by the detection of hybrids, mosaic genotypes, and gene flow between populations and strong inbreeding and, finally, the detection of genetic recombination under laboratory conditions. This chapter reviews the recent (mostly) molecular data that provide new insights into the evolution, taxonomy, phylogenetic, and population genetic relationships of Leishmania but also the questions raised by this knowledge. It also discusses the power of modern approaches, such as multilocus sequence analysis, multilocus microsatellite typing, and comparative genomics for studying the inter- and intraspecies variation of Leishmania parasites.
Trvalý link: http://hdl.handle.net/11104/0293971