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Laser-Induced Thermal Processes: Heat Transfer, Generation of Stresses, Melting and Solidification, Vaporization, and Phase Explosion

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Handbook of Laser Micro- and Nano-Engineering

Abstract

The vast field of laser-enabled material synthesis, manufacturing, and processing to a large degree relies on the ability to induce and control a range of thermal processes triggered by the laser energy deposition as well as subsequent transport processes involving electrons and phonons. This chapter provides a review of the fundamental mechanisms, thermodynamic driving forces, and kinetics of thermal processes involved in laser-material interactions, with a particular focus on the far-from-equilibrium conditions characteristic of laser processing with short and ultrashort pulses. The peculiarities of the energy redistribution under conditions of electron-phonon nonequilibrium produced by an ultrashort laser excitation are discussed first and followed by analysis of the effect of dimensionality of the heat transfer at different stages of laser-materials interactions. The generation of strong thermoelastic stresses, which may lead to photomechanical spallation, generation of crystal defects, and activation of surface processes are then outlined, along with the implications of laser-induced stresses for practical applications. The discussion of laser-induced phase transformations starts from a brief review of experimental and computational results revealing the conditions leading to transition between the heterogeneous to homogeneous melting mechanisms. The implications of rapid melting and resolidification on microstructure and surface morphology of laser-processed surfaces are considered, and the conditions leading to chemical homogenization, amorphization, and generation of extreme densities of crystal defects are elaborated. The vaporization, which may take the form of evaporation from the surface or an explosive decomposition of superheated liquid (phase explosion), is discussed as the main process responsible for the material removal from the target, that is, for laser ablation. The mechanisms responsible for the generation of nanoparticles in the course of the phase explosion and through the condensation in the ablation plume are also considered and related to the particle size distributions.

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Acknowledgments

M.V.S., M.H., and L.V.Z. acknowledge financial support provided by the National Science Foundation (NSF) through Grants CMMI-1562929, CMMI-1663429, DMR-1610936, and DMR-1708486. Y.L. and N.M.B. acknowledge support of the European Regional Development Fund and the state budget of the Czech Republic (project BIATRI, No. CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/15_003/0000445; project HiLASE CoE, No. CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/15_006/0000674; programme NPU I, project No. LO1602). Computational support enabling large-scale atomistic modeling was provided by the Oak Ridge Leadership Computing Facility (INCITE project MAT130) and NSF through the Extreme Science and Engineering Discovery Environment (project TG-DMR110090). The authors also appreciate the help provided by Mikhail Arefev with preparation of Fig. 16.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA

    Maxim V. Shugaev, Miao He & Leonid V. Zhigilei

  2. HiLASE Centre, Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolní Břežany, Czech Republic

    Yoann Levy & Nadezhda M. Bulgakova

  3. Center for Materials and Microsystems, Bruno Kessler Foundation, Povo (Trento), Italy

    Alberto Mazzi

  4. Department of Physics, University of Trento, Povo (Trento), Italy

    Antonio Miotello

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  1. Maxim V. Shugaev
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  4. Alberto Mazzi
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  7. Leonid V. Zhigilei
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Correspondence to Antonio Miotello , Nadezhda M. Bulgakova or Leonid V. Zhigilei .

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  1. RIKEN-SIOM Joint Research Unit, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics RIKEN-SIOM Joint Research Unit, Wako, Saitama, Japan

    Koji Sugioka

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  1. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA

    Leonid V. Zhigilei

  2. HiLASE Centre Institute of Physics ASCR, Dolní Břežany, Czech Republic

    Nadezhda Bulgakova

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Shugaev, M.V. et al. (2020). Laser-Induced Thermal Processes: Heat Transfer, Generation of Stresses, Melting and Solidification, Vaporization, and Phase Explosion. In: Sugioka, K. (eds) Handbook of Laser Micro- and Nano-Engineering. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69537-2_11-1

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69537-2_11-1

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