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Characteristics and Sources of PAHs, Hopanes, and Elements in PM10 Aerosol in Tulsipur and Charikot (Nepal)

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Abstract

Concentration of PAHs, hopanes, and elements in PM10 aerosol samples was measured in two Nepalese urban centers, Tulsipur (725 m above sea level; 150,000 inhabitants) and Charikot (1,550 m above sea level; 23,000 inhabitants) in the monsoon period (August 2018) and pre-monsoon period (April–May 2019). The 24-h PM10 limit value of 50 µg m−3 for human health was significantly exceeded at all locations, and the Nepal concentration limit of 150 µg m−3 was exceeded at Tulsipur-bus station, Tulsipur-village, and Charikot-hospital in the pre-monsoon season. The average daily PM10 and PAHs concentrations showed seasonal variations, with lower concentrations in the monsoon season and the higher values in pre-monsoon season. The average daily PM10 and PAHs concentrations in the both sites were 133 μg m−3 and 23.8 ng m−3 in the pre-monsoon period and 49.6 μg m−3 and 2.30 ng m−3 in the monsoon period, respectively. The average daily hopane concentration during the pre-monsoon period was 1.40 ng m−3 in Tulsipur and 0.70 ng m−3 in Charikot. The IndP / (IndP + BghiP) ratio was higher than 0.5 during monsoon period, indicating combustion of biomass and charcoal burning. IndP / (IndP + BghiP) between 0.2 and 0.5 during pre-monsoon season indicates petroleum combustion. Fla / (Fla + Pyr) ratio between 0.3 and 0.5 during pre-monsoon and monsoon periods indicates high proportion of petroleum product combustion. The biomass burning associated with dense traffic in the center of the two cities was the main source of PAHs. The average daily element concentration was 6.80 ng m−3 in both locations during the monsoon period.

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Data Availability

The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

This research was supported by the Grant Agency of the Czech Republic under the project No. 503/20/02203S.

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  1. Global Change Research Institute CAS, Lipová 9, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic

    Miloš Zapletal, Pavel Cudlín & Chiranjeewee Khadka

  2. Institute of Physics in Opava, Silesian University in Opava, Bezručovo náměstí 1150/13, 746 01, Opava, Czech Republic

    Miloš Zapletal

  3. Department of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Veveří 97, 602 00, Brno, Czech Republic

    Kamil Křůmal, Pavel Mikuška & Hana Cigánková

  4. Silesian Museum in Opava, Nádražní Okruh 31, 74601, Opava, Czech Republic

    Martin Polášek

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Zapletal, M., Cudlín, P., Khadka, C. et al. Characteristics and Sources of PAHs, Hopanes, and Elements in PM10 Aerosol in Tulsipur and Charikot (Nepal). Water Air Soil Pollut 233, 486 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-022-05953-7

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