Abstract
Phosphorus reuse by application of biochar is a recent concept that needs to be supported by long-term field data. To monitor biochar’s long-term effects on P turnover, one-off biochar was applied in 2013 with mineral NPK fertilizers being applied every year since then. Biochar application rates included 0 t ha−1 (CK), 15.75 t ha−1 (BC1), 31.5 t ha−1 (BC2), and 47.25 t ha−1 (BC3). Over the 5 years’ field experiment, P distribution in soil profile, inorganic and organic P fractions in bulk, and rhizosphere soil and maize P uptake were determined. The results showed that biochar reduced the inorganic P fractions (Ca2-P, Ca8-P, Al-P, Fe-P and O-P by 4.8–33.7%, 8.8–59.0%, 13.7–28.6%, 8.4–17.6%, and 3.3–25.5%, respectively), and increased organic P fractions (MLOP and HROP by 67.2–11.6% and 18.8–87.7%, respectively) in bulk soil, while in rhizosphere soil, Fe-P and MLOP were decreased by 13.4–34.5% and 67.2–111.6%, respectively, in 2017. After the application of biochar for 5 years, moderately labile organic phosphorus (MLOP), moderately resistant organic phosphorus (MROP), and highly resistant organic phosphorus (HROP) with different biochar treatments were enhanced by 12.8–42.7%, 20.1–48.0%, and 5.5–66.6%, respectively, but Ca8-P, Al-P, O-P, and Ca10-P were all decreased by 18.6–24.9%, 16.4–21.4%, and 3.3–23.48%, respectively. Total P storage in 0–100 cm was declined by biochar. Increases in maize P uptake in the stover (38.6–71.3%) and grain (20.9–25.5%) were occurred after 31.5 t ha−1 and 47.25 t ha−1 biochar addition. To sum up, biochar is found to regulate the distribution, storage, and transformation of soil P, which lead to increase in maize P uptake.
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Abbreviations
- Ca2-P:
-
Dicalcium phosphate dehydrate
- Ca8-P:
-
Octocalcium phosphate
- Ca10-P:
-
Hydroxyapatite
- Al-P:
-
Aluminum phosphate
- Fe-P:
-
Iron phosphate
- O-P:
-
Occluded phosphate
- LOP:
-
Labile organic phosphorus
- MLOP:
-
Moderately labile organic phosphorus
- MROP:
-
Moderately resistant organic phosphorus
- HROP:
-
Highly resistant organic phosphorus
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Funding
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 41401325; No. 31901449), the Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning Province (No. 20180550247; No.2019-BS-212), and the 13th Five-Year Plan National Key R&D Program of China (No. 2018YFD0300300; No. 2018YFD0300309).
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Cao, D., Chen, W., Yang, P. et al. Spatio-temporal variabilities of soil phosphorus pool and phosphorus uptake with maize stover biochar amendment for 5 years of maize. Environ Sci Pollut Res 27, 36350–36361 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09716-x
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09716-x