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Tracking Alpine copper—analysis of Late Bronze Age copper ingot hoard from South Bohemia

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Abstract

We present the results of a complex archaeometric study of Late Bronze Age copper ingots from the Staré Hodějovice hoard (South Bohemia). In order to understand the origin of the copper and describe the metallurgical process, we use modern analytical methods (metallography analyses, major/trace element and lead isotope analyses) to describe the samples. Within this study, a representative dataset of trace element composition and lead isotope ratios of non-alloyed and non-recycled corpus of copper ingots from the Late Bronze Age was created. We assume that most of the ingots were not altered by alloying, mixing or recycling. Based on lead isotope ratios and major/trace element composition, we suppose that the origin of the copper could be mostly Alpine ores from the Trentino and Mitterberg regions and possibly the Valais region. By this study, it was proved that copper smelted by a matte smelting process was transported in the form of flat or plano-convex ingots from multiple sources to South Bohemia, where it was subsequently refined and alloyed. Obtained analytical results refute the idea of prevailing copper recycling in the Late Bronze Age.

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Acknowledgements

We are grateful to Tomáš Kolegar for the drawing the artefacts and ingots from the hoard, to Šárka Msallamová and her colleagues from the Institute of Chemical Technology, Prague, for help with preparing the samples for microstructural study, to Milan Rydvan for meticulous editing of the text and to anonymous reviewers for contributing comments.

Funding

This work was supported by the DOC Fellowship of the Austrian Academy of Sciences at the Institute of Science and Technology in Art, Academy of Fine Arts Vienna (PhD research project of Jiří Kmošek). INAA measurements were supported by the CANAM project (CANAM infrastructure, Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (Czech Republic) project No. LM2015056).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Science and Technology in Art, Academy of Fine Arts Vienna, Schillerplatz 3, 1010, Vienna, Austria

    Jiri Kmosek

  2. Department of Chemical Technology, Faculty of Restoration, University of Pardubice, Jiráskova 3, 570 01, Litomyšl, Czech Republic

    Jiri Kmosek

  3. Czech Geological Survey, Geologická 6, 152 00, Prague 5, Czech Republic

    Yulia V. Erban Kochergina

  4. Faculty of Arts, Institute of Archaeology, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31a, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic

    Ondřej Chvojka

  5. Nuclear Physics Institute, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Řež 130, 250 68, Řež, Czech Republic

    Marek Fikrle

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  1. Jiri Kmosek
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Electronic supplementary material

ESM 1

a Staré Hodějovice. Fragments of copper ingots from the hoard. Drawing by T. Kolegar (JPG 2547 kb)

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b Staré Hodějovice. Fragments of copper ingots from the hoard. Drawing by T. Kolegar (JPG 4438 kb)

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c Staré Hodějovice. Fragments of bronze artefacts (1–15) and cast copper phallic-form artefact (16) from the hoard. Drawing by T. Kolegar (JPG 2649 kb)

ESM 4

Ratios of Fe + S and As + Ni concentrations of 156 ingots analysed by SEM/EDS method, logarithmic scale; M (plano-convex ingot), M/N (fragment fused on planoconvex ingot), P (flat ingot), P/T (flat ingot with sharp edges),? (non-defined), F (phallic-form artefact), A (artefact fragment); weight %) (PNG 117 kb)

ESM 5

Multi-element diagrams (spiderplots) of different artefact groups (JPG 971 kb)

ESM 6

Parameters of all analysed ingots. Explanation of shortcuts: M – plano-convex ingot; M/N – fragment fused on plano-convex ingot; P – flat ingot; P/T – flat ingot with sharp edges; F – artefact with phallic shape; A – artefact fragment;? – non-defined. (XLSX 18.5 kb)

ESM 7

Chemical composition of all ingots analysed by SEM/EDS; weight % (n.d. means not detected). (XLSX 35.8 kb)

ESM 10

Results of SEM/EDS analyses of non-metallic microstructural phases; atomic %. Explanation of shortcuts: S – sulphides of copper and iron; F – silicates of iron; PbO – oxides of lead; FeO – oxides of iron. (XLSX 145 kb)

ESM 9

List of Geographical Coordinates of the sites mentioned in the text. (XLSX 9.46 kb)

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Kmosek, J., Erban Kochergina, Y.V., Chvojka, O. et al. Tracking Alpine copper—analysis of Late Bronze Age copper ingot hoard from South Bohemia. Archaeol Anthropol Sci 12, 234 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-020-01186-z

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