Abstract
This paper describes germination and cytological variability in two popular ornamental and potentially invasive species, lamb’s ear Stachys byzantina and rose campion Lychnis coronaria. Both xerophytic species have the potential to invade natural habitats across Europe and create viable naturalised populations, with subsequent impacts on native vegetation. To assess the species’ invasiveness, seeds were collected from naturalised populations and germination was recorded under different temperature regimes. Flow cytometry, used to record cytological variability, indicated that all populations of both species were cytologically homogeneous. Germination success, an important means of distribution factor in both species, was significantly influenced by temperature, with final germination of L. coronaria being extremely high at temperatures > 15/10 °C (98.5%) and extremely low at temperatures < 10/5 °C (2.9%). The final germination in S. byzantina is the highest at 22/15 °C (55.6% germinated seeds), reduced to 40.3% at 15/10 °C and to 0.3% at temperatures lower than 10/5 °C. No significant differences in final germination were observed between escaping and non-escaping populations, although there were some differences between particular populations. Our results indicate germination temperature limits of two species whose non-native areas include Central Europe. The observed germination allows for successful generative reproduction of both species over their non-native ranges, suggesting that these species are likely to become invasive species of European grasslands soon.
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Acknowledgements
This study was financially supported by the Internal Grant Agency of the Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, Prague—Suchdol, 165 00, Czech Republic (Grant no. 2020B0007). The study was partly supported by the project “DivLand” (SS02030018) from the Technology Agency of the Czech Republic and a long-term research development project (RVO 67985939) from the Czech Academy of Sciences. We would like to thank the Ecological Department of the Faculty of Environmental Sciences for renting climaboxes, and our colleague Libor Králík for controlling seed germination. Mark Sixsmith, Kevin Roche, and Jonáš Gaigr are acknowledged for language correction, and Sorour Rahmanian for the collection of seeds from the native range.
Funding
This study was financially supported by the Internal Grant Agency of the Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, Prague—Suchdol, 165 00, Czech Republic (Grant no. 2020B0007). The study was partly supported within the project “DivLand” (SS02030018) from the Technology Agency of the Czech Republic and a long-term research development project (RVO 67985939) from the Czech Academy of Sciences.
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Vojík, M., Kadlecová, M., Kutlvašr, J. et al. Two shades of grey: effect of temperature on seed germination of the escaping ornamental species Lychnis coronaria and Stachys byzantina. Plant Ecol 223, 1121–1135 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11258-022-01265-2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11258-022-01265-2