Abstract
The toxicity of hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) present in the environment has exceeded the current limits or standards and thus may lead to biotic and abiotic catastrophes. Accordingly, several treatments, including chemical, biological, and physical approaches, are being used to reduce Cr(VI) waste in the surrounding environment. This study compares the Cr(VI) treatment approaches from several areas of science and their competence in Cr(VI) removal. As an effective combination of physical and chemical approaches, the coagulation–flocculation technique removes more than 98% of Cr(VI) in less than 30 min. Most membrane filtering approaches can remove up to 90% of Cr(VI). Biological approaches that involve the use of plants, fungi, and bacteria also successfully eliminate Cr(VI) but are difficult to scale up. Each of these approaches has its benefits and drawbacks, and their applicability is determined by the research aims. These approaches are also sustainable and environmentally benign, thus limiting their effects on the ecosystem.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
Data sharing is not relevant to this publication because no databases were evaluated during study.
References
Ahmad SW, Zafar MS, Ahamd S et al (2020) Removal of chromium(VI) from wastewater through ion exchange. Kinetic and scale up studies. Environ Prot Eng. https://doi.org/10.37190/epe190102
Ahmed E, Abdulla HM, Mohamed AH, El-Bassuony AD (2016) Remediation and recycling of chromium from tannery wastewater using combined chemical–biological treatment system. Process Saf Environ Prot 104:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PSEP.2016.08.004
AL Falahi OA, Abdullah SRS, Hasan HA et al (2021) Simultaneous removal of ibuprofen, organic material, and nutrients from domestic wastewater through a pilot-scale vertical sub-surface flow constructed wetland with aeration system. J Water Process Eng 43:102214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2021.102214
Al-Battashi H, Joshi SJ, Pracejus B, Al-Ansari A (2016) The geomicrobiology of chromium (VI) pollution: microbial diversity and its bioremediation potential. Open Biotechnol J 10:379–389. https://doi.org/10.2174/1874070701610010379
Amin I, Nazir R, Rather MA (2021) Nano-bioremediation: an innovative approach for remedying heavy metals using fungi. J Bioremediat Biodegrad 12:1–11
Anastopoulos I, Giannopoulos G, Islam A, et al (2022) Potential environmental applications of Hellianthus annuum (sunflower) residue—based adsorbents for dye removal in (waste)waters. In: I. L, E.C. M, L. G, D.A. (eds) Anastopoulos. Elsevier, Chennai, pp 307–318
Aniagor CO, Igwegbe CA, Iwuozor KO et al (2022) CuO nanoparticles as modifiers for membranes: a review of performance for water treatment. Mater Today Commun 32:103896
Avan AA, Filik H, Demirata B (2021) Solid-phase extraction of Cr(VI) with magnetic melamine–formaldehyde resins, followed by its colorimetric sensing using gold nanoparticles modified with p-amino hippuric acid. Microchem J 164:105962. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2021.105962
Azis MY, Amedyan NN, Hanefiatni SA (2021) Study of reducing chromium (VI) to chromium (III) ion using reduction and coagulation methods for electroplating industrial waste. J Phys Conf Ser 1763:012042. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1763/1/012042
Baldiris R, Acosta-Tapia N, Montes A et al (2018) Reduction of hexavalent chromium and detection of chromate reductase (ChrR) in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. Molecules 23:406. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23020406
Barad JM, Kohli HP, Chakraborty M (2022) Adsorption of hexavalent chromium from aqueous stream by maghemite nanoparticles synthesized by the microemulsion method. Energy Nexus 5:100035. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nexus.2021.100035
Benizri E, Lopez S, Durand A, Kidd PS (2021) Diversity and role of endophytic and rhizosphere microbes associated with hyperaccumulator plants during metal accumulation. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58904-2_12
Bocio A, Nadal M, Domingo JL (2005) Human exposure to metals through the diet in Tarragona, Spain: temporal trend. Biol Trace Elem Res 104:193–201. https://doi.org/10.1385/BTER:104:3:193
Castiblanco Y, Perilla A, Arbelaez O et al (2021) Effect of the pH and the catalyst concentration on the removal of hexavalent chromium (Cr (VI)) during photocatalysis of wastewater from plating on plastics industry. Chem Eng Trans 86:679–684. https://doi.org/10.3303/CET2186114
Chai WS, Cheun JY, Kumar PS et al (2021) A review on conventional and novel materials towards heavy metal adsorption in wastewater treatment application. J Clean Prod 296:126589. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.126589
Chen A, Bian Z, Xu J et al (2017) Simultaneous removal of Cr(VI) and phenol contaminants using Z-scheme bismuth oxyiodide/reduced graphene oxide/bismuth sulfide system under visible-light irradiation. Chemosphere 188:659–666. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.09.002
Chen Y, Xu W, Zhu H et al (2018) Comparison of organic matter removals in single-component and bi-component systems using enhanced coagulation and magnetic ion exchange (MIEX) adsorption. Chemosphere. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.07.055
Chitraprabha K, Sathyavathi S (2018) Phytoextraction of chromium from electroplating effluent by Tagetes erecta (L.). Sustain Environ Res 28:128–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.serj.2018.01.002
Damodaran D, Vidya Shetty K, Raj Mohan B (2013) Effect of chelaters on bioaccumulation of Cd (II), Cu (II), Cr (VI), Pb (II) and Zn (II) in Galerina vittiformis from soil. Int Biodeterior Biodegrad 85:182–188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2013.05.031
Das BK, Das PK, Das BP, Dash P (2021) Green technology to limit the effects of hexavalent chromium contaminated water bodies on public health and vegetation at industrial sites. J Appl Biol Biotechnol 9:28–35. https://doi.org/10.7324/JABB.2021.9203
de Sousa CM, Cardoso VL, Batista FRX (2023) A coupled photocatalytic system using niobium oxide and microalga: Cr (VI)-contaminated wastewater treatment. J Photochem Photobiol A 439:114602. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JPHOTOCHEM.2023.114602
Dhal B, Abhilash PBD (2018) Mechanism elucidation and adsorbent characterization for removal of Cr(VI) by native fungal adsorbent. Sustain Environ Res 28:289–297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.serj.2018.05.002
Dobson RS, Burgess JE (2007) Biological treatment of precious metal refinery wastewater: a review. Miner Eng 20:519–532. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2006.10.011
Dodbiba G, Ponou J, Fujita T (2015) Urban biomining: new challenges for a successful exploitation of WEEE by means of a biotechnological approach. Microbiology for minerals, metals, materials and the environment. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 347–376
Elahi A, Arooj I, Bukhari DA, Rehman A (2020) Successive use of microorganisms to remove chromium from wastewater. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 104:3729–3743. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-020-10533-y
Enniya I, Rghioui L, Jourani A (2018) Adsorption of hexavalent chromium in aqueous solution on activated carbon prepared from apple peels. Sustain Chem Pharm 7:9–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scp.2017.11.003
Ertani A, Mietto A, Borin M, Nardi S (2017) Chromium in agricultural soils and crops: a review. Water Air Soil Pollut 228:190. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-017-3356-y
EvelyneJ R, Student P, Professor A (2014) Bioremediation of chromium contamination—a review. Int J Res Earth Environ Sci 1
Faridah, Mukaromah AH, Sulistyaningtyas AR (2018) Photocatalytic degradation cr (vi) by zsm-5 impregnated tio 2 in various uv-irradiation time. Semin Nasonal Edusainstek 47–53
Fernández PM, Viñarta SC, Bernal AR et al (2018) Bioremediation strategies for chromium removal: Current research, scale-up approach and future perspectives. Chemosphere 208:139–148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.05.166
Fuoco I, Figoli A, Criscuoli A et al (2020) Geochemical modeling of chromium release in natural waters and treatment by RO/NF membrane processes. Chemosphere 254:696. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126696
Galán B, Castañeda D, Ortiz I (2005) Removal and recovery of Cr(VI) from polluted groundwaters: a comparative study of ion-exchange technologies. Water Res 39:4317–4324. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2005.08.015
Gattullo CE, Allegretta I, Porfido C et al (2020) Assessing chromium pollution and natural stabilization processes in agricultural soils by bulk and micro X-ray analyses. Environ Sci Pollut Res 27:22967–22979. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-08857-3
Ghosh S, Mitra D (2018) Elimination of chromium(VI) from waste water using various biosorbents. In: Sarma A, Singh V, Bhattacharjya R, Kartha S (eds) Urban ecology, water quality and climate change. Water science and technology library, vol 84. Springer, Cham, pp 267–274
Habibul N, Hu Y, Wang YK et al (2016) Bioelectrochemical chromium(VI) removal in plant-microbial fuel cells. Environ Sci Technol 50:3882–3889. https://doi.org/10.1021/ACS.EST.5B06376/SUPPL_FILE/ES5B06376_SI_001.PDF
Hermassi M, Granados M, Valderrama C et al (2022) Recovery of rare earth elements from acidic mine waters: an unknown secondary resource. Sci Total Environ. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152258
Hershberg R (2015) Mutation—the engine of evolution: Studying mutation and its role in the evolution of bacteria. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. https://doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a018077
Heshmati A (2017) A review of the circular economy and its implementation. Int J Green Econ 11:251. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJGE.2017.089856
Hołda A, Kisielowska E, Niedoba T (2011) Bioaccumulation of Cr(VI) ions from aqueos solutions by Aspergillus niger. Polish J Environ Stud 20:345–349
Hosseini SA, Samani MR, Toghraie D (2021) Removal of hexavalent chromium from aqueous solution using ostrich feathers amended by polyaniline. J Mater Res Technol 15:488–499. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2021.08.041
Ighalo JO, Kurniawan SB, Iwuozor KO et al (2022) A review of treatment technologies for the mitigation of the toxic environmental effects of acid mine drainage (AMD). Process Saf Environ Prot 157:37–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2021.11.008
Igwegbe CA, Obiora-Okafo IA, Iwuozor KO et al (2022) Treatment technologies for bakers’ yeast production wastewater. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29:11004–11026. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-17992-4
Ijanu EM, Kamaruddin MA, Norashiddin FA (2020) Coffee processing wastewater treatment: a critical review on current treatment technologies with a proposed alternative. Appl Water Sci. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-019-1091-9
Ji J, Kulshreshtha S, Kakade A et al (2020) Bioaugmentation of membrane bioreactor with Aeromonas hydrophila LZ-MG14 for enhanced malachite green and hexavalent chromium removal in textile wastewater. Int Biodeterior Biodegradation 150:104939. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2020.104939
Jiang H, Yang T, Wang Y et al (2013) Magnetic solid-phase extraction combined with graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry for speciation of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) in environmental waters. Talanta 116:361–367. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2013.05.008
Jobby R, Jha P, Yadav AK, Desai N (2018) Biosorption and biotransformation of hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)]: A comprehensive review. Chemosphere 207:255–266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.05.050
Kamarudheen N, Chacko SP, George CA et al (2020) An ex-situ and in vitro approach towards the bioremediation of carcinogenic hexavalent chromium. Prep Biochem Biotechnol. https://doi.org/10.1080/10826068.2020.1755868
Kang S, Wang G, Zhao H, Cai W (2017) Highly efficient removal of hexavalent chromium in aqueous solutions: Via chemical reduction of plate-like micro/nanostructured zero valent iron. RSC Adv 7:55905–55911. https://doi.org/10.1039/c7ra10846j
Katirci R, Altınsarı A (2020) The conversion of the waste Cr(VI) electroplating bath to Cr(III) electroplating bath. Int J Environ Sci Technol 17:4205–4216. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-020-02765-2
Khan AA, Mukherjee S, Mondal M et al (2021) Assessment of algal biomass towards removal of Cr(VI) from tannery effluent: a sustainable approach. Environ Sci Pollut Res. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-16102-8
Kholisa B, Matsena M, Chirwa EMN (2021) Evaluation of cr(Vi) reduction using indigenous bacterial consortium isolated from a municipal wastewater sludge: batch and kinetic studies. Catalysts 11:1100. https://doi.org/10.3390/CATAL11091100/S1
Kumar V, Dwivedi SK (2019) Hexavalent chromium reduction ability and bioremediation potential of Aspergillus flavus CR500 isolated from electroplating wastewater. Chemosphere 237:124567. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124567
Kumar V, Dwivedi SK (2021) A review on accessible techniques for removal of hexavalent Chromium and divalent Nickel from industrial wastewater: recent research and future outlook. J Clean Prod 295:126229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.126229
Kumar N, Angela M, Sukalyan S (2017) Enhanced chromium ( VI ) removal using banana peel dust : isotherms, kinetics and thermodynamics study. Sustain Water Resour Manag. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40899-017-0130-7
Kumaraguru K, Saravanan P, Rajesh Kannan R, Saravanan V (2021) A systematic analysis of hexavalent chromium adsorption and elimination from aqueous environment using brown marine algae (Turbinaria ornata). Biomass Convers Biorefinery. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-021-01795-1
Kumaresan Sarankumar R, Arulprakash A, Devanesan S et al (2020) Bioreduction of hexavalent chromium by chromium resistant alkalophilic bacteria isolated from tannery effluent. J King Saud Univ. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksus.2020.02.010
Kurniawan SB, Abdullah SRS, Imron MF et al (2020) Challenges and opportunities of biocoagulant/bioflocculant application for drinking water and wastewater treatment and its potential for sludge recovery. Int J Environ Res Public Health 17:1–33. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17249312
Kurniawan SB, Abdullah SRS, Imron MF et al (2021a) Potential of valuable materials recovery from aquaculture wastewater: an introduction to resource reclamation. Aquac Res. https://doi.org/10.1111/are.15180
Kurniawan SB, Ahmad A, Rahim NFM et al (2021) Aquaculture in Malaysia: water-related environmental challenges and opportunities for cleaner production. Environ Technol Innov 24:101913. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2021.101913
Kurniawan SB, Ahmad A, Said NSM et al (2021) Macrophytes as wastewater treatment agents: Nutrient uptake and potential of produced biomass utilization toward circular economy initiatives. Sci Total Environ 790:148219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148219
Kurniawan SB, Imron MF, Chik CENCE et al (2022) What compound inside biocoagulants/bioflocculants is contributing the most to the coagulation and flocculation processes? Sci Total Environ. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150902
Kurniawan SB, Ramli NN, Said NSM et al (2022) Practical limitations of bioaugmentation in treating heavy metal contaminated soil and role of plant growth promoting bacteria in phytoremediation as a promising alternative approach. Heliyon 8:e08995. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e08995
Laxmi V, Kaushik G (2020) Toxicity of hexavalent chromium in environment, health threats, and its bioremediation and detoxification from tannery wastewater for environmental safety. In: Bioremediation of industrial waste for environmental safety. Springer, Singapore, pp 223–243
Leite VSA, Jesus BGL, Duarte VGO et al (2019) Determination of chromium (VI) by dispersive solid-phase extraction using dissolvable Zn-Al layered double hydroxide intercalated with l-Alanine as adsorbent. Microchem J 146:650–657. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2019.01.063
Li J, Ma J, Guo Q et al (2020) Adsorption of hexavalent chromium using modified walnut shell from solution. Water Sci Technol 81:824–833. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2020.165
Li Y, Gao C, Shuai K et al (2023) Performance and mechanism of starch-based porous carbon capture of Cr(VI) from water. Int J Biol Macromol 241:124597. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124597
Liang Q, Chen X, Liu R et al (2023) Efficient removal of Cr(VI) by a 3D Z-scheme TiO2-Zn Cd1-S graphene aerogel via synergy of adsorption and photocatalysis under visible light. J Environ Sci 124:360–370. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2021.09.037
Liu L, Xu Y, Wang K et al (2019) Fabrication of a novel conductive ultrafiltration membrane and its application for electrochemical removal of hexavalent chromium. J Membr Sci 584:191–201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2019.05.018
Lodish BA, Zipursky SL (2000) Mutations: types and causes. In: Molecular cell biology, 4th edn. Springer, New York
Loewe L, Hill WG (2010) The population genetics of mutations: good, bad and indifferent. Philos Trans R Soc B 365:1153–1167. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2009.0317
Lugo L, Martín A, Diaz J et al (2020) Implementation of modified acacia tannin by mannich reaction for removal of heavy metals (Cu, Cr and Hg). Water (Switzerland). https://doi.org/10.3390/w12020352
Ma L, Xu J, Chen N et al (2019) Microbial reduction fate of chromium (Cr) in aqueous solution by mixed bacterial consortium. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 170:763–770. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.12.041
Majhi P, Samantaray SM (2021) Bio-reduction of hexavalent chromium by an indigenous green alga and its impact on the germination of rice seed in chromium enriched environment. Bioremediat J 25:128–147. https://doi.org/10.1080/10889868.2020.1867048
Malik R, Lata S, Singhal S (2015) Removal of heavy metal from waste water by the use of modified aloe vera leaf powder. Int J Basic Appl Chem Sci 5:2277–20736
Mashuri SSI, Ibrahim ML, Kasim MF et al (2020) Photocatalysis for organic wastewater treatment: from the basis to current challenges for society. Catalysts 10:1260. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal10111260
Masinire F, Adenuga DO, Tichapondwa SM, Chirwa EMN (2021) Phytoremediation of Cr(VI) in wastewater using the vetiver grass (Chrysopogon zizanioides). Miner Eng 172:107141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2021.107141
Mishra S, Bharagava RN (2016) Toxic and genotoxic effects of hexavalent chromium in environment and its bioremediation strategies. J Environ Sci Heal Part C 34:1–32. https://doi.org/10.1080/10590501.2015.1096883
Mnif A, Bejaoui I, Mouelhi M, Hamrouni B (2017) Hexavalent chromium removal from model water and car shock absorber factory effluent by nanofiltration and reverse osmosis membrane. Int J Anal Chem. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/7415708
Moges A, Nkambule TTI, Fito J (2022) The application of GO-Fe3O4 nanocomposite for chromium adsorption from tannery industry wastewater. J Environ Manag 305:4369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.114369
Mohapatra RK, Parhi PK, Patra JK, et al (2017) Biodetoxification of toxic heavy metals by marine metal resistant bacteria—a novel approach for bioremediation of the polluted saline environment. In: Microbial biotechnology. Springer, Singapore, pp 343–376
Mubashar M, Naveed M, Mustafa A et al (2020) Experimental investigation of chlorella vulgaris and enterobacter sp. Mn17 for decolorization and removal of heavy metals from textile wastewater. Water (Switzerland). https://doi.org/10.3390/w12113034
Narin I, Surme Y, Soylak M, Dogan M (2006) Speciation of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) in environmental samples by solid phase extraction on Ambersorb 563 resin. J Hazard Mater 136:579–584. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2005.12.034
Neolaka YAB, Lawa Y, Naat JN et al (2020) A Cr(VI)-imprinted-poly(4-VP-co-EGDMA) sorbent prepared using precipitation polymerization and its application for selective adsorptive removal and solid phase extraction of Cr(VI) ions from electroplating industrial wastewater. React Funct Polym 147:104451. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2019.104451
Nnaji PC, Anadebe CV, Ezemagu IG, Onukwuli O (2021) Potential of luffa cylindrica seed as coagulation-flocculation (CF) agent for the treatment of dye wastewater: kinetic, mass transfer, optimization and CF adsorption studies. Arab J Chem 15:3629. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2021.103629
Noah NFM, Sulaiman RNR, Othman N et al (2020) Extractive continuous extractor for chromium recovery: Chromium (VI) reduction to chromium (III) in sustainable emulsion liquid membrane process. J Clean Prod 247:119167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119167
Pakade VE, Tavengwa NT, Madikizela LM (2019) Recent advances in hexavalent chromium removal from aqueous solutions by adsorptive methods. RSC Adv 9:26142–26164. https://doi.org/10.1039/c9ra05188k
Park J, Shin J-H, Oh W et al (2022) Removal of hexavalent chromium(VI) from wastewater using chitosan-coated iron oxide nanocomposite membranes. Toxics 10:98. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10020098
Pattnaik S, Dash D, Mohapatra S et al (2020) Improvement of rice plant productivity by native Cr(VI) reducing and plant growth promoting soil bacteria Enterobacter cloacae. Chemosphere 240:124895. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124895
Peng H, Guo J (2020) Removal of chromium from wastewater by membrane filtration, chemical precipitation, ion exchange, adsorption electrocoagulation, electrochemical reduction, electrodialysis, electrodeionization, photocatalysis and nanotechnology: a review. Environ Chem Lett 18:2055–2068. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-020-01058-x
Peng G, He Q, Lu Y et al (2017) Flow injection microfluidic device with on-line fluorescent derivatization for the determination of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) in water samples after solid phase extraction. Anal Chim Acta 955:58–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2016.11.057
Peng H, Guo J, Li B et al (2018) High-efficient recovery of chromium (VI) with lead sulfate. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 85:149–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtice.2018.01.028
Pinto MB, Samanamud GRL, Baston EP et al (2019) Multivariate and multiobjective optimization of tannery industry effluent treatment using Musa sp flower extract in the coagulation and flocculation process. J Clean Prod. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.02.060
Prameena Sheeja JL (2016) Removal of chromium with the complexing agents from industrial effluents. Orient J Chem 32:2209–2213. https://doi.org/10.13005/ojc/320452
Pratima M, Ghosh A, Ramamurthy Y et al (2018) Removal of hexavalent chromium from mine effluents by ion exchange resins-comparative study of Amberlite IRA 400 and IRA 900. Russ J Non-Ferrous Met 59:533–542. https://doi.org/10.3103/S1067821218050103
Princy S, Sathish SS, Cibichakravarthy B, Prabagaran SR (2020) Hexavalent chromium reduction by Morganella morganii (1Ab1) isolated from tannery effluent contaminated sites of Tamil Nadu, India. Biocatal Agric Biotechnol 23:1469. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcab.2019.101469
Purwanti IF, Kurniawan SB, Tangahu BV, Rahayu NM (2017a) Bioremediation of trivalent chromium in soil using bacteria. Int J Appl Eng Res 12:9346–9350
Purwanti IF, Putri TP, Kurniawan SB (2017b) Treatment of chromium contaminated soil using bioremediation. In: AIP Conference Proceedings
Qi X, Gao S, Ding G, Tang A-N (2017) Synthesis of surface Cr (VI)-imprinted magnetic nanoparticles for selective dispersive solid-phase extraction and determination of Cr (VI) in water samples. Talanta 162:345–353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2016.10.040
Rafati L, Mahvi AH, Asgari AR, Hosseini SS (2010) Removal of chromium (VI) from aqueous solutions using Lewatit FO36 nano ion exchange resin. Int J Environ Sci Tech 7:147–156
Rajesh N, Jalan RK, Hotwany P (2008) Solid phase extraction of chromium(VI) from aqueous solutions by adsorption of its diphenylcarbazide complex on an Amberlite XAD-4 resin column. J Hazard Mater 150:723–727. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.05.025
Ramakrishnaiah CR, Prathima B (2012) Hexavalent chromium removal from industrial watsewater by chemical precipitation method. Int J Eng Res Appl 2(2):599–603
Ramírez V, Baez A, López P et al (2019) Chromium hyper-tolerant bacillus sp Mh778713 assists phytoremediation of heavy metals by mesquite trees (prosopis laevigata). Front Microbiol 10:1833. https://doi.org/10.3389/FMICB.2019.01833/BIBTEX
Ramli NN, Othman AR, Kurniawan SB et al (2023) Metabolic pathway of Cr(VI) reduction by bacteria: a review. Microbiol Res 268:127288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micres.2022.127288
Rapti I, Bairamis F, Konstantinou I (2021) g-C3N4/MoS2 heterojunction for photocatalytic removal of phenol and Cr(VI). Photochem 1:358–370. https://doi.org/10.3390/photochem1030023
Rathna T, Ponnanettiyappan J, Rubensudhakar D (2021) Environmental technology & innovation fabrication of visible-light assisted tio 2 -wo 3 -pani membrane for effective reduction of chromium ( VI ) in photocatalytic membrane reactor. Environ Technol Innov 24:102023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2021.102023
Regan J, Dushaj N, Stinchfield G (2019) Reducing hexavalent chromium to trivalent chromium with zero chemical footprint: Borohydride exchange resin and a polymer-supported base. ACS Omega 4:11554–11557. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.9b01194
Ren J, Hu T, Gong Q et al (2020) Spherical Bi2WO6/Bi2S3/MoS2 n-p Heterojunction with Excellent Visible-Light Photocatalytic Reduction Cr(VI) Activity. Nanomaterials 10:1813. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10091813
Revankar HN, Koujalagi PS, Gurjar VR, Kulkarni RM (2021) Removal of Chromium ( VI ) from Aqueous Solution using a Strong base Anion Exchange Resin : Kinetic and Equilibrium Studies
Ridhwan M, Mohd N, Ha M et al (2018) The adsorptive removal of chromium ( VI ) in aqueous solution by novel natural zeolite based hollow fi bre ceramic membrane. J Environ Manag J 224:252–262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.07.043
Ripley EM, Li C (2018) Metallic Ore Deposits Associated With Mafic to Ultramafic Igneous Rocks. In: Processes and Ore Deposits of Ultramafic-Mafic Magmas through Space and Time. Elsevier, pp 79–111
Rodríguez-Antón JM, Rubio-Andrada L, Celemín-Pedroche MS, Ruíz-Peñalver SM (2022) From the circular economy to the sustainable development goals in the European Union: an empirical comparison. Int Environ Agreements Polit Law Econ 22:67–95. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10784-021-09553-4
Samuel J, Pulimi M, Paul ML et al (2013) Batch and continuous flow studies of adsorptive removal of Cr(VI) by adapted bacterial consortia immobilized in alginate beads. Bioresour Technol 128:423–430. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2012.10.116
Sankhla MS, Kumar R (2019) Contaminant of heavy metals in groundwater & its toxic effects on human health & environment. Int J Environ Sci Nat Resour 18:1–5. https://doi.org/10.19080/IJESNR.2019.18.555996
Sankhla MS, Kumar R, Prasad L (2019) Distribution and contamination assessment of potentially harmful element chromium in water. SSRN Electron J. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3492307
Sathvika T, Soni A, Sharma K et al (2018) Potential application of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and rhizobium immobilized in multi walled carbon nanotubes to adsorb hexavalent chromium. Sci Rep 8:9862. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-28067-9
Sathya S, Ragul V, Priya V et al (2020) Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring & Management An in vitro study on hexavalent chromium [Cr ( VI )] remediation using iron oxide nanoparticles based beads. Environ Nanotechnol Monit Manag 14:100333. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enmm.2020.100333
Seth K, Kumar A (2021) Role of soil microflora in phytoremediation of heavy metal contaminated soils. Phytoremed Environ Sustain. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-5621-7_2
Shaibur MR (2023) Heavy metals in chrome-tanned shaving of the tannery industry are a potential hazard to the environment of Bangladesh. Case Stud Chem Environ Eng 7:100281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscee.2022.100281
Shammout M, Shatanawi M, Awwad A (2022) Fate and management of pollution of hexavalent chromium Cr(VI) and heavy metals in the Zarqa River Basin in Jordan. J Ecol Eng 23:108–115. https://doi.org/10.12911/22998993/144417
Shao Z, Huang C, Wu Q et al (2019) Ion exchange collaborating coordination substitution: More efficient Cr(VI) removal performance of a water-stable CuII-MOF material. J Hazard Mater. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.05.112
Shi L, Xue J, Liu B et al (2018) Hydrogen ions and organic acids secreted by ectomycorrhizal fungi, Pisolithus sp1, are involved in the efficient removal of hexavalent chromium from waste water. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 161:430–436. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.06.004
Sivakumar D (2016) Biosorption of hexavalent chromium in a tannery industry wastewater using fungi species. Glob J Environ Sci Manag 2:105–124. https://doi.org/10.7508/GJESM.2016.02.002
Sun Y, Chen A, Pan SY et al (2019) Novel chitosan-based flocculants for chromium and nickle removal in wastewater via integrated chelation and flocculation. J Environ Manag. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.07.012
Thatoi H, Das S, Mishra J et al (2014) Bacterial chromate reductase, a potential enzyme for bioremediation of hexavalent chromium: a review. J Environ Manag 146:383–399. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.07.014
Tóth AJ, Fózer D, Mizsey P et al (2022) Physicochemical methods for process wastewater treatment: powerful tools for circular economy in the chemical industry. Rev Chem Eng. https://doi.org/10.1515/revce-2021-0094
Tran HN, You S-J, Hosseini-Bandegharaei A, Chao H-P (2017) Mistakes and inconsistencies regarding adsorption of contaminants from aqueous solutions: a critical review. Water Res 120:88–116
Uddin MJ, Jeong Y-K, Lee W (2021) Microbial fuel cells for bioelectricity generation through reduction of hexavalent chromium in wastewater: a review. Int J Hydrogen Energy 46:11458–11481. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.06.134
Van Nguyen B, Yang X, Hirayama S et al (2021) Effect of salinity on Cr(VI) bioremediation by algal-bacterial aerobic granular sludge treating synthetic wastewater. Process 9:1400. https://doi.org/10.3390/PR9081400
Velez PA, Talano MA, Paisio CE et al (2017) Synergistic effect of chickpea plants and Mesorhizobium as a natural system for chromium phytoremediation. Environ Technol (UK) 38:2164–2172. https://doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2016.1247198
Verma B, Balomajumder C (2020) Hexavalent chromium reduction from real electroplating wastewater by chemical precipitation. Bull Chem Soc Ethiop 34:67–74. https://doi.org/10.4314/BCSE.V34I1.6
Vogel C, Hoffmann MC, Krüger O et al (2020) Chromium (VI) in phosphorus fertilizers determined with the diffusive gradients in thin-films (DGT) technique. Environ Sci Pollut Res 27:24320–24328. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11356-020-08761-W/FIGURES/5
Wang J, Chen C (2009) Biosorbents for heavy metals removal and their future. Biotechnol Adv 27:195–226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2008.11.002
Wang Y, Jiang L, Feng C (2013) Effect of additives on photocatalysis of Cr(VI)-methyl orange. Procedia Environ Sci 18:625–631. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proenv.2013.04.086
Wang T, Liu Y, Wang J et al (2019) In-situ remediation of hexavalent chromium contaminated groundwater and saturated soil using stabilized iron sul fi de nanoparticles. J Environ Manag 231:679–686. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.10.085
Wang H, Song X, Zhang H et al (2020) Removal of hexavalent chromium in dual-chamber microbial fuel cells separated by different ion exchange membranes. J Hazard Mater. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121459
Wang Y, Liu Z, Huang W et al (2023) Capture-reduction mechanism for promoting Cr(VI) removal by sulfidated microscale zerovalent iron/sulfur-doped graphene-like biochar composite. Carbon Res 2:11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44246-023-00044-6
Were FH, Wafula GA, Wairungu S (2017) Phytoremediation using bamboo to reduce the risk of chromium exposure from a contaminated tannery site in Kenya. J Heal Pollut 7:12–25. https://doi.org/10.5696/2156-9614-7.16.12
Wu Q, Zhao J, Qin G et al (2013) Photocatalytic reduction of Cr(VI) with TiO2 film under visible light. Appl Catal B 142–143:142–148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2013.04.056
Xu R, Wang Y, Sun Y et al (2023) External sodium acetate improved Cr(VI) stabilization in a Cr-spiked soil during chemical-microbial reduction processes: Insights into Cr(VI) reduction performance, microbial community and metabolic functions. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 251:114566. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114566
Yadav A, Labhasetwar PK, Shahi VK (2021) Membrane distillation using low-grade energy for desalination: a review. J Environ Chem Eng 9:105818
Yang JK, Lee SM, Farrokhi M et al (2012) Photocatalytic removal of Cr(VI) with illuminated TiO 2. Desalin Water Treat 46:375–380. https://doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2012.677564
Yang X, Zhao Z, Zhang G et al (2021) Insight into Cr ( VI ) biosorption onto algal-bacterial granular sludge: Cr (VI) bioreduction and its intracellular accumulation in addition to the effects of environmental factors. J Hazard Mater 414:125479
Yasir MW, Siddique MBA, Shabbir Z et al (2021) Biotreatment potential of co-contaminants hexavalent chromium and polychlorinated biphenyls in industrial wastewater: Individual and simultaneous prospects. Sci Total Environ 779:146345. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146345
Ye J, Wang Y, Xu Q et al (2021) Removal of hexavalent chromium from wastewater by Cu / Fe bimetallic nanoparticles. Sci Rep. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-90414-0
Yunus K, Zuraidah MA, John A (2020) A review on the accumulation of heavy metals in coastal sediment of Peninsular Malaysia. Ecofeminism Clim Chang 1:21–35. https://doi.org/10.1108/EFCC-03-2020-0003
Zaib Q, Park HS, Kyung D (2021) Experimental modeling and optimization for the reduction of hexavalent chromium in aqueous solutions using ascorbic acid. Sci Rep. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-92535-y
Zhang D, Li X, Tan H et al (2014) Photocatalytic reduction of Cr(VI)by polyoxometalates/TiO2 electrospun nanofiber composites. RSC Adv 4:44322–44326. https://doi.org/10.1039/C4RA08934K
Zhang Y, Mo Y, Vincent T et al (2021) Boosted Cr(VI) sorption coupled reduction from aqueous solution using quaternized algal/alginate@PEI beads. Chemosphere 281:844. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130844
Zhao J, Yu L, Ma H et al (2020) Corn stalk-based activated carbon synthesized by a novel activation method for high-performance adsorption of hexavalent chromium in aqueous solutions. J Colloid Interface Sci 578:650–659. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2020.06.031
Zirehpour A, Rahimpour A (2016) Membranes for Wastewater Treatment. In: Nanostructured Polymer Membranes. pp 159–208
Zolfaghari G, Kargar M (2019) Nanofiltration and microfiltration for the removal of chromium, total dissolved solids, and sulfate from water. MethodsX 6:549–557. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mex.2019.03.012
Funding
This research was supported by Grant Universiti Penyelidikan (GUP-2019–026) Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Original draft, review and editing were done by NNR. The conceptualization, visualization, review and editing were done by SBK. Review and editing the original draft were done by JOI. The original draft was written by NSMS, NM, JB, RARS, MZ, JA, NMD and JA. The review, editing and supervision were done by ARO, SRSA and HAH. All authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Corresponding authors
Ethics declarations
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Ethical Approval
Not applicable.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Ramli, N.N., Kurniawan, S.B., Ighalo, J.O. et al. A review of the treatment technologies for hexavalent chromium contaminated water. Biometals 36, 1189–1219 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10534-023-00512-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10534-023-00512-x