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Phylogeny and Pathology of Anisakids Parasitizing Stranded California Sea Lions (Zalophus californianus) in Southern California
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SYSNO ASEP 0553929 Document Type J - Journal Article R&D Document Type Journal Article Subsidiary J Článek ve WOS Title Phylogeny and Pathology of Anisakids Parasitizing Stranded California Sea Lions (Zalophus californianus) in Southern California Author(s) Hrabar, J. (HR)
Smodlaka, H. (US)
Rasouli-Dogaheh, S. (CZ)
Petri, M. (HR)
Trumbic, Z. (HR)
Palmer, L. (US)
Sakamaki, K. (US)
Pavelin, T. (HR)
Mladineo, Ivona (BC-A) RID, ORCIDNumber of authors 9 Article number 636626 Source Title Frontiers in marine science. - : Frontiers Media
Roč. 8, 2021-05-13 (2021)Number of pages 19 s. Publication form Online - E Language eng - English Country CH - Switzerland Keywords st-paul island ; callorhinus-ursinus ; nematoda anisakidae ; infection ; dna ; pseudoterranova ; contracaecum ; parameters ; morphology ; sequences ; Anisakis ; Contracaecum ; California sea lion ; phylogenetics ; pathology ; Pseudoterranova ; Zalophus californianus Subject RIV DA - Hydrology ; Limnology OECD category Marine biology, freshwater biology, limnology Method of publishing Open access Institutional support BC-A - RVO:60077344 UT WOS 000631078600001 EID SCOPUS 85102939393 DOI 10.3389/fmars.2021.636626 Annotation In marine mammals, nematode-inflicted pathological lesions combined with other pathogens and factors (i.e., pollution, climate change, domoic acid poisoning events, and seasonal El Nino starvation events) negatively impact pinnipeds' health and may cause mortality. Five California sea lions (Zalophus californianus)-a female pup, three male yearlings, and an adult female-suffered mortalities during rehabilitation at the Marine Mammal Care Center Los Angeles (San Pedro, CA). According to the necropsy reports, animals developed multisystemic parasitism as a leading cause of death, combined with malnutrition and hypoglycemia. In order to reveal host-parasite dynamics that may play a role in pinniped health and recovery, we examined the type and level of histopathological stomach lesions in California sea lions caused by anisakid nematodes. All isolated anisakids were morphologically and molecularly identified, and their phylogenetic relationships were reconstructed using the sequence of the mitochondrial COII gene. Co-parasitation of different Anisakidae spp. within the same host or lesions presented the opportunity to evaluate the existence of recombinant haplotypes and their eventual pathological pressure exerted onto host. The lesions were presented as chronic granulomatous gastritis, with moderate edema and hyperemia of the tunica submucosa and lamina propria, followed by mild, focal fibrosis of the gastric wall. Ulcerative changes with mixed leukocytic infiltrate showed to be localized, shallow, and non-perforative and with no apparent bacterial coinfection, mostly accompanied by healing granulation tissue. Isolated anisakids are grouped into three distinctively separated monophyletic clades corresponding to genera Anisakis, Contracaecum, and Pseudoterranova. Most abundant were representatives of Contracaecum ogmorhini sensu lato (55.36%), followed by Anisakis pegreffii (23.21%), Pseudoterranova azarasi (17.86%), Pseudoterranova decipiens sensu lato (1.79%), and Anisakis simplex (1.79%). Phylogenetic trees revealed no differentiation at intra-species level. Our analysis of divergence revealed Contracaecum separated from other lineages in the Jurassic period at the 176.2 Mya and Anisakis diverging from Pseudoterranova in Cenozoic period at 85.9 Mya. Workplace Biology Centre (since 2006) Contact Dana Hypšová, eje@eje.cz, Tel.: 387 775 214 Year of Publishing 2022 Electronic address https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2021.636626/full
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