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Factors influencing the evolution of sandstone sea caves: A case study from the Apostle Islands National Lakeshore (Lake Superior, USA)
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SYSNO ASEP 0578452 Document Type J - Journal Article R&D Document Type Journal Article Subsidiary J Článek ve WOS Title Factors influencing the evolution of sandstone sea caves: A case study from the Apostle Islands National Lakeshore (Lake Superior, USA) Author(s) Filippi, Michal (GLU-S) RID, SAI, ORCID
Bruthans, J. (CZ)
Mareš, J. (CZ)
Adamovič, Jiří (GLU-S) RID, SAI, ORCID
Fitz, T. (US)Article number 102251 Source Title Journal of Great Lakes Research. - : Elsevier - ISSN 0380-1330
Roč. 50, č. 1 (2024)Number of pages 19 s. Publication form Print - P Language eng - English Country US - United States Keywords Sandstone ; Sea cave ; Littoral cave ; Bedding plane ; Coastal cliff ; Wave action ; Apostle Islands OECD category Geology R&D Projects GA19-14082S GA ČR - Czech Science Foundation (CSF) Method of publishing Limited access Institutional support GLU-S - RVO:67985831 UT WOS 001170568100001 EID SCOPUS 85176247655 DOI 10.1016/j.jglr.2023.102251 Annotation Caves in coastal cliffs in the Apostle Islands were analyzed for factors controlling their origin and evolution. Even though the Bayfield Group quartz sandstones were found to be of relatively low tensile strength, the traditional explanation attributing speleogenesis to localized zones of lithological and tectonic weakness does not adequately explain all geomorphic features of the caves. The caves were found to be formed by coalescence of smaller arcade-shaped cavities serially developed along subhorizontal discontinuities. In concordance with the previously formulated “arcade principle”, positions and shapes of the cavities are defined by areas of reduced stress within the gravity-induced stress field. Evacuation of material from the rock massif can be attributed to wave action including the effect of water-pressurized air, and frost action. Compound cavities above the discontinuities tend to form “higher-order” arcade-like cavities/caves while those beneath more resistant strata rather develop into elongated overhangs similar to ordinary coastal notches. Propagation of the largest cavities, formed along steeply dipping joints and faults, is attributed to mass wasting and roof collapses. Similar examples of discontinuity-related cavities in coastal settings, suspectedly also controlled by gravity-induced stress distribution, can be found worldwide, being mostly concentrated to areas covered by ice sheets in the Pleistocene. The interplay between post-glacial isostatic uplift and Holocene lake-level rise is responsible for the development of mature forms of coastal caves in the Apostle Islands where present cliffs are estimated to have been exposed to the effects of wave action for the last 3–5 ky. Workplace Institute of Geology Contact Jana Popelková, popelkova@gli.cas.cz, Sabina Janíčková, Tel.: 233 087 272 Year of Publishing 2025 Electronic address https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0380133023002447
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