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Tick Immune System: What Is Known, the Interconnections, the Gaps, and the Challenges
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SYSNO ASEP 0553188 Document Type J - Journal Article R&D Document Type Journal Article Subsidiary J Článek ve WOS Title Tick Immune System: What Is Known, the Interconnections, the Gaps, and the Challenges Author(s) Fogaca, A.C. (BR)
Sousa, G. (BR)
Pavanelo, D.B. (BR)
Esteves, E. (BR)
Martins, Larissa Almeida (BC-A) RID, ORCID
Urbanová, Veronika (BC-A) RID, ORCID
Kopáček, Petr (BC-A) RID, ORCID
Daffre, S. (BR)Number of authors 8 Article number 628054 Source Title Frontiers in Immunology. - : Frontiers Media - ISSN 1664-3224
Roč. 12, MAR 2 2021 (2021)Number of pages 23 s. Publication form Online - E Language eng - English Country CH - Switzerland Keywords thioester-containing proteins ; rhipicephalus boophilus microplus ; ixodes-scapularis ; soft tick ; ornithodoros-moubata ; complement-system ; antimicrobial peptide ; signaling pathway ; salivary-glands ; imd pathway ; cell-mediated immunity ; immune signaling pathway ; immune system ; microbiota ; tick-borne pathogen Subject RIV EC - Immunology OECD category Immunology R&D Projects GA20-05736S GA ČR - Czech Science Foundation (CSF) Method of publishing Open access Institutional support BC-A - RVO:60077344 UT WOS 000629264600001 EID SCOPUS 85102840124 DOI 10.3389/fimmu.2021.628054 Annotation Ticks are ectoparasitic arthropods that necessarily feed on the blood of their vertebrate hosts. The success of blood acquisition depends on the pharmacological properties of tick saliva, which is injected into the host during tick feeding. Saliva is also used as a vehicle by several types of pathogens to be transmitted to the host, making ticks versatile vectors of several diseases for humans and other animals. When a tick feeds on an infected host, the pathogen reaches the gut of the tick and must migrate to its salivary glands via hemolymph to be successfully transmitted to a subsequent host during the next stage of feeding. In addition, some pathogens can colonize the ovaries of the tick and be transovarially transmitted to progeny. The tick immune system, as well as the immune system of other invertebrates, is more rudimentary than the immune system of vertebrates, presenting only innate immune responses. Although simpler, the large number of tick species evidences the efficiency of their immune system. The factors of their immune system act in each tick organ that interacts with pathogens, therefore, these factors are potential targets for the development of new strategies for the control of ticks and tick-borne diseases. The objective of this review is to present the prevailing knowledge on the tick immune system and to discuss the challenges of studying tick immunity, especially regarding the gaps and interconnections. To this end, we use a comparative approach of the tick immune system with the immune system of other invertebrates, focusing on various components of humoral and cellular immunity, such as signaling pathways, antimicrobial peptides, redox metabolism, complement-like molecules and regulated cell death. In addition, the role of tick microbiota in vector competence is also discussed. Workplace Biology Centre (since 2006) Contact Dana Hypšová, eje@eje.cz, Tel.: 387 775 214 Year of Publishing 2022 Electronic address https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2021.628054/full
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