Ischemia-Triggered Glutamate Excitotoxicity From the Perspective of Glial Cells

0539601 - ÚEM 2021 RIV CH eng J - Journal Article
Kirdajová, Denisa - Kriška, Ján - Turečková, Jana - Anděrová, Miroslava
Ischemia-Triggered Glutamate Excitotoxicity From the Perspective of Glial Cells.
Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience. Roč. 14, mar. (2020), č. článku 51. E-ISSN 1662-5102
R&D Projects: GA ČR(CZ) GA19-02046S; GA ČR(CZ) GA19-03016S
Institutional support: RVO:68378041
Keywords : ischemic pathway * glutamate excitotoxicity * glutamate uptake
OECD category: Neurosciences (including psychophysiology
Impact factor: 5.505, year: 2020
Method of publishing: Open access
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fncel.2020.00051/full

A plethora of neurological disorders shares a final common deadly pathway known as excitotoxicity. Among these disorders, ischemic injury is a prominent cause of death and disability worldwide. Brain ischemia stems from cardiac arrest or stroke, both responsible for insufficient blood supply to the brain parenchyma. Glucose and oxygen deficiency disrupts oxidative phosphorylation, which results in energy depletion and ionic imbalance, followed by cell membrane depolarization, calcium (Ca2+) overload, and extracellular accumulation of excitatory amino acid glutamate. If tight physiological regulation fails to clear the surplus of this neurotransmitter, subsequent prolonged activation of glutamate receptors forms a vicious circle between elevated concentrations of intracellular Ca2+ ions and aberrant glutamate release, aggravating the effect of this ischemic pathway. The activation of downstream Ca2+-dependent enzymes has a catastrophic impact on nervous tissue leading to cell death, accompanied by the formation of free radicals, edema, and inflammation. After decades of neuron-centric approaches, recent research has also finally shed some light on the role of glial cells in neurological diseases. It is becoming more and more evident that neurons and glia depend on each other. Neuronal cells, astrocytes, microglia, NG2 glia, and oligodendrocytes all have their roles in what is known as glutamate excitotoxicity. However, who is the main contributor to the ischemic pathway, and who is the unsuspecting victim? In this review article, we summarize the so-far-revealed roles of cells in the central nervous system, with particular attention to glial cells in ischemia-induced glutamate excitotoxicity, its origins, and consequences.
Permanent Link: http://hdl.handle.net/11104/0317309