Synergistic performance of collagen-g-chitosan-glucan fiber biohybrid scaffold with tunable properties
Introduction
Protein is the main component of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in many mammalian tissues. Collagen type I (CO) has been extensively investigated for different biomedical applications [1], [2], and nano-fibrillar collagen structure existing in many organs (bone, cornea, skin, tendon) was considered its characteristic feature, based on which the excellent mechanical and other functional performances of tissues are guaranteed [3], [4]. Collagen was consider as one of the most interesting proteins that has been used for various purposes in tissue engineering thanks to its brilliant and unique properties, like biocompatibility [5], biodegradability [6] and low cytotoxicity [7]. However, the biodegradation rate and poor mechanical properties of native collagen are critical issues limiting the further application of CO. Chemical crosslinking step of collagen-based scaffolds was an effective method to control the degradability rate and optimize the physicochemical and mechanical properties of collagen [8], [9], [10]. For the above reasons, the crosslinking step of collagen has become one of the most significant steps in preparing collagen-based scaffolds. Currently, two different types of crosslinking processes were used to improve the chemical, physical and mechanical properties of the collagen-based scaffolds: chemical [11] and physical methods [12].
Chitin and chitosan biopolymers offer excellent biological characteristics, which have paved the way for their purposes in medicine and drug-delivery applications [2] or as a scaffold for tissue regeneration [13]. Indeed, chitosan has good mucoadhesive characteristics due to its polycationic nature [14], which increases the adhesion to mucosa and thus the contact time for drug penetration. Chitosan consider one of the main components of different fungi cell walls, such as Gongronella spp., Penicillium, Aspergillus niger (A. niger), and Schizophyllum commune (S. commune) [15], [16].
Chitin-glucan complex from mycelia Tremella fuciformis with controlled ratio of chemical composition of the complex between glucaose amine and N-acetyl glucose amine glucosamine and glucose (GlcN:Glc = 26:74 mol%) has been extracted in powder form [17]. White button and pleurotus ostreatus mushrooms were used as a new source to extract chitin-glucan complex with controlled the degree of deacetylation. Unfortunately, the isolated complex exhibited small particle form [18], [19], [20]. Chitin-glucan and chitosan-glucan complex were isolated from Aspergillus niger in powder form and used for wastewater treatment applications [21], [22], [23], [24]. The fungal cell wall was used to extract chitin-glucan complex in powder morphology and fabrication nanopapers was obtained from dispersed solution and have been used for heavy metal adsorption [25], [26], [27]. Hollow fibers from chitin and chitosan-glucan complex with controlled the degree of deacetylation have been extracted from mycelium of shizophyllum commune fungi and used as new wound dressing material [28], [29], [30]. New soft hydrogel with low porosity was fabricated using chitin-glucan complex dissolved under harsh alkaline conditions using concentrated sodium hydroxide. The extracted complex was in powder form with a low degree of deacetylation [28], [30], [31], [32], [33]. From all sources which we mentioned above, all chitin-glucan and chitosan-glucan complex was extracted only in powder form, neither short nor longer micro/nanofibers obtained. So far, there wasn't no literature information about extraction of fiber-based chitin-glucan or chitosan-glucan complex from mycelium of aspergillus niger.
Extraction of chitin-glucan (ChGF) or chitosan-glucan CGF (CGF) in fiber forms from non-animal sources (mushrooms, bacteria, fungi) has several benefits over animal sources like shrimps, crabs, crawfish shells, lobsters [34], [35]. These include: In our study, (I) ChGF or CGF are extracted for the first time in the form of microfiber from Aspergillus niger (A. niger) with controlled fiber dimensions between 2.5 and 3 ± 0.5 μm; (II) A raw biopolymer that was constant in composition and available throughout the year [36]; (III) Free-heavy metal attached to starting material [37]; (IV) Removal of minerals was not necessary for the extraction of chitosan from fungal mycelia [38]. The individual chains of CGF were agglomerated into microfibrils with hydrogen bonds and, together with the chemically crosslinked network of glucan, they result in a mechanically robust and rigid structure [28], [39], [40], [41]. The goal of the present work was to synthesize new hybrid biocomposite scaffold (HBS) by chemical modification of collagen (CO) with fiber based-chitosan-glucan CGF fibers (CO-g-CGF) and to investigate the effects of different composition on physicochemical, mechanical and antibacterial properties of the synthesized HBS.
Section snippets
Materials
Water-insoluble dermal collagen type I with partial hydrochloride of purified bovine was supplied as a 10 wt% suspension from VUP (Brno, Czechia). The suspension of CO I was lyophilized using (ALPHA 1–4 LSC, CHRIST, Germany) at −90 °C for 48 h to obtain dry CO sheets. Mycelium was produced from Aspergillus niger (A. niger) strain as a source of ChGF and CGF (Brno, Czechia). N-(3-dimethylamino propyl)-N-ethyl-carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC), NHS (N-hydroxy succinimide) are purchased from
Extraction and chemical modification of CGF
ChGF and CGF were extracted from the mycelium of A. niger using different sequence steps, as shown in Fig. 1. Fig. 1a explores the sequencing process of acid-base treatments to remove the non-bonded impurities linked to the cell wall matrix like proteins, lipids, dyes; this step was called the digestion process [28], [30], [41]. The insoluble alkaline mycelium (IAM) was treated with NaOH to hydrolyze the chemical bonds between lipids-proteins-dyes matrix to obtain pure ChGF (Deproteinization
Conclusion
Chemical modification of collagen (CO) with fiber-based chitosan-glucan complex (CGF) was synthesized, and the structure was confirmed by different techniques like ATR-FTIR, TGA, SEM and X-ray diffraction. The degree of deacetylation (DDA = 72%) and fiber dimension (diameter 2.5 ± 0.5 μm and length approx. 300–500 μm) were precisely controlled during the extraction process of the complex fiber from mycelium of Aspergillus niger. The hybrid biocomposite scaffold shows a unique synergistic
CRediT authorship contribution statement
R. M. Abdel-Rahman: Conceptualization, Methodology, Writing - original draft, Writing- review & editing; V. Vishakha: Methodology; I. Kelnar: Conceptualization, Methodology, Writing - original draft, Writing- review & editing; J. Jancar: Conceptualization, Methodology, Writing - original draft, Writing- review & editing; A. M. Abdel-Mohsen: Conceptualization, Methodology, Writing - original draft, Writing - review & editing.
Declaration of competing interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. All authors have approved the final version of the manuscript.
Acknowledgments
This research was carried out under the project CEITEC 2020 (LQ1601) with financial support from the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czechia under the National Sustainability Programme and Czech Science Foundation (Grant No. 19-06065S).
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