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For Authors
Submit a ProposalPharmacological Studies in Natural Oral Care
 | Edited by Durgesh Nandini Chauhan, Prabhu Raj Singh, Nagendra Singh Chauhan and Kamal Shah
Copyright: 2023 | Status: Published ISBN: 9781394166268 | Hardcover | 873 pages | 109 illustrations Price: $275 USD  |
One Line Description
Edited by a natural product scientist, clinician, pharmacologist and a dental
surgeon, the book helps oral care specialists to implement safe and effective
natural medicine therapies to complement current practice guidelines.
Audience
This important new book will be invaluable to medicinal chemists, pharmacologists, natural product formulation scientists, dental surgeons, orthodontists, periodontists, endodontists, prosthodontists, maxillofacial surgeons, dentists, oral hygienists, as well as a reference for the pharmaceutical/ herbal industries and dental libraries.
This important new book will be invaluable to medicinal chemists, pharmacologists, natural product formulation scientists, dental surgeons, orthodontists, periodontists, endodontists, prosthodontists, maxillofacial surgeons, dentists, oral hygienists, as well as a reference for the pharmaceutical/ herbal industries and dental libraries.
Description
With oral care specialists focusing their attention on the interdisciplinary connections between oral health, heart health, gastrointestinal health, etc., and with increasing antibiotic resistance and stronger antibiotics now reserved for serious active infection, the importance of herbal antibiotics is increasing exponentially. This book helps to implement safe and effective natural medicine therapies to complement the current practice guidelines.
Pharmacological Studies in Natural Oral Care is a comprehensive compilation and explores all the measures to utilize the natural oral care obtained from plants, animals, and mineral drugs for dental care. Herbal extracts are used in dentistry for reducing inflammation, as antimicrobial plaque agents, for preventing the release of histamine, and as antiseptics, antioxidants, antimicrobials, antifungals, antibacterials, antivirals and analgesics. They also aid in healing and are effective in controlling microbial plaque in gingivitis and periodontitis, thereby improving immunity.
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With oral care specialists focusing their attention on the interdisciplinary connections between oral health, heart health, gastrointestinal health, etc., and with increasing antibiotic resistance and stronger antibiotics now reserved for serious active infection, the importance of herbal antibiotics is increasing exponentially. This book helps to implement safe and effective natural medicine therapies to complement the current practice guidelines.
Pharmacological Studies in Natural Oral Care is a comprehensive compilation and explores all the measures to utilize the natural oral care obtained from plants, animals, and mineral drugs for dental care. Herbal extracts are used in dentistry for reducing inflammation, as antimicrobial plaque agents, for preventing the release of histamine, and as antiseptics, antioxidants, antimicrobials, antifungals, antibacterials, antivirals and analgesics. They also aid in healing and are effective in controlling microbial plaque in gingivitis and periodontitis, thereby improving immunity.
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Author / Editor Details
Durgesh Nandini Chauhan completed her M.Pharma in pharmaceutics from Uttar Pradesh at the Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University, Lucknow in 2006. She is currently working as an assistant professor in the Columbia Institute of Pharmacy, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India. She has written more than 100 articles in national and international journals, 15 book chapters, and edited 4 books including Natural Oral Care in Dental Therapy (Wiley-Scrivener 2020).
Durgesh Nandini Chauhan completed her M.Pharma in pharmaceutics from Uttar Pradesh at the Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University, Lucknow in 2006. She is currently working as an assistant professor in the Columbia Institute of Pharmacy, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India. She has written more than 100 articles in national and international journals, 15 book chapters, and edited 4 books including Natural Oral Care in Dental Therapy (Wiley-Scrivener 2020).
Prabhu Raj Singh obtained his Master of Dental Surgery in Prosthodontics from Sardar Patel Post Graduate Institute of Dental and Medical Science, Lucknow in 2017. He is working for the Sinhgad Education Society as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Prosthodontics.
Nagendra Singh Chauhan obtained his M.Pharm, PhD from the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. H.S. Gour University, Sagar in 2006 and 2011 respectively. He is currently working as a senior scientific officer and government analyst at the Drugs Testing Laboratory Avam Anusandhan Kendra, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India. He has professional expertise in natural product isolation and phytopharmacology. He has written more than 50 articles published in national and international journals, 22 book chapters, and edited one book.
Kamal Shah has more than 14 years of research and teaching experience and currently is an associate professor at the Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, India. He completed his B. Pharma from Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwavidyalaya, Bhopal (M.P.) in 2003. He was a gold medalist in B.Pharm, M.Pharm. from the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sagar University, Sagar, India and has a PhD from APJ Kalam University Lucknow, India. He has written more than 30 articles in national and international journals, 6 book chapters and co-edited Natural Oral Care in Dental Therapy (Wiley-Scrivener 2020).
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Table of Contents
Preface
Part I: Phytopharmaceuticals in Various Diseases
1. Ayurvedic Approaches to Oral Health and Hygiene: A Review
Manindra Mohan Shrivastava, Prashant Kr. Gupta, Kamal Shah, Durgesh Nandini Chauhan and Nagendra Singh Chauhan
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Different Types of Kavala and Gandusha According to Vyadhi
1.3 Clinical Studies on Gandusha and Kavala
1.4 Conclusion
References
2. Emerging Role of Medicinal Plants in the Prevention of Oral Cavity Disorders
Navneet Kishore and Bhanu Pratap Singh
2.1 Introduction
2.2 The Initiation of Periodontal Diseases
2.3 Traditional Usage of Chewing Sticks
2.4 Traditional Usage of Medicinal Plants in Dental Ministrations
2.5 Herbal Products to Overcome on Dental Disorders
2.6 Plant Metabolites and Oral Cavity Disorders
2.7 Future Perspective
2.8 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
3. Natural Oral Care and Herbal Products for Oral Diseases and Oral Hygiene Maintenance
Goma Kathayat, Diane Isabel Selvido, Hans Erling Skallevold, Maan Bahadur Rokaya, Bishwa Prakash Bhattarai, Anand Marya and Dinesh Rokaya
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Oral Diseases
3.3 Emerging Trends of Herbal Care in Dentistry
3.4 Advantage of Herbal Products in Oral Care
3.5 Importance of Saliva in Oral Homeostasis and Oral Care
3.6 Medicinal Plants as Salivary Substitutes for Oral Care
3.7 Forms of Natural Oral Care and Herbal Products for Dry Mouth
3.7.1 Herbal Mouthwashes and Gels
3.7.2 Medicinal Sprays
3.7.3 Lozenges
3.7.4 Juices
3.7.5 Toothpaste
3.8 Limitations of Herbal Products in Natural Oral Care
3.9 Toxicity of Herbal Products
3.10 Conclusion
References
4. Complementary and Alternative Medicine: Gains and Drawbacks with Special Reference to Oral Healthcare
Ezi Abigail Akaji
4.1 Introduction
4.1.1 Background
4.1.2 Types of Complementary and Alternative Medicine
4.2 Popularity of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicine (TCAM)
4.2.1 Views and Perceptions About TCAM Use
4.2.1.1 Public Health Agencies and Policy Makers
4.2.1.2 Orthodox Medicine Practitioners
4.2.1.3 Patients/Clients of TCAM Practitioners
4.3 Oral Health Gains from Complementary and Medicine Products
4.3.1 Prevention of Oral Diseases
4.3.2 Treatment of Toothache and Other Oral Diseases
4.4 Drawbacks on Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Practices (TCAM)
4.4.1 Drug Abuse and Toxicity
4.4.2 Drug Interactions
4.4.3 Wrong Applications and Misconceptions About TCAM
4.4.4 Harmful Primitive Practices
4.5 Conclusion and Recommendations
References
5. Nutraceutical Agents on Oral and Periodontal Health and Disease
Gaetano Isola, Alessandro Polizzi and Simona Santonocito
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 Vitamins
5.1.1.1 Vitamin A
5.1.1.2 Vitamin B
5.1.1.3 Vitamin C
5.1.1.4 Vitamin D
5.1.1.5 Vitamin E
5.1.1.6 Vitamin K
5.2 Phytochemicals
5.3 Probiotics
5.4 Prebiotics
5.5 Conclusions
References
6. Role of Herbal Products as Denture Disinfectants and Cleansers
Jacob Mathew Philip, Helen Mary Abraham, Tamizhesai, M. Navin Bharathy,
C.J. Venkatakrishnan, Saranya Varadarajan, Raghunathan Jagannathan and Thodur Madapusi Balaji
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Denture Plaque Biofilm
6.3 Methods to Mitigate Denture Plaque Induced Stomatitis
6.4 Herbal Extracts that are Promising Denture Cleansers
6.4.1 Cocoa
6.4.2 Thyme
6.4.3 Grapefruit Seed Extract
6.4.4 Noni
6.4.5 Tea Tree Oil
6.4.6 Shikakai
6.4.7 Castor Oil
6.4.8 Lemon Grass
6.4.9 Mangrove Herbal
6.4.10 Triphala Herbal
6.4.11 Origanum Oil
6.4.12 Green Tea
6.4.13 Shiwak (Miswak)
6.4.14 Aloe Vera
6.4.15 Black Tea
6.4.16 Sea Weed
6.5 Challenges and Limitation
6.6 Conclusion and Future Direction
References
7. Use of Natural Oral Care Products in Orthodontics
Anand Marya, Mohmed Isaqali Karobari, Pravin Kumar Shah and Dinesh Rokaya
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Herbal Products to Control the Plaque Accumulation During Orthodontic Treatment
7.3 Herbal Products to Prevent Halitosis During Orthodontic Treatment
7.4 Herbal Products to Prevent Gingivitis During Orthodontic Treatment
7.5 Herbal Products to Prevent White Spots on Enamel During Orthodontic Treatment
7.6 Herbal Products to Prevent Dental Caries During Orthodontic Treatment
7.7 Herbal Products for Pain During Orthodontic Treatment
7.8 Herbal Products for Oral Ulcers During Orthodontic Treatment
7.9 Adverse Effects
7.10 Conclusion
References
8. Herbs and Their Applications as Root Canal Medicaments
S. Balagopal, Vandana James, Nagarajan Geethapriya, Shekar Shobana, Saranya Varadarajan, Raghunathan Jagannathan and Thodur Madapusi Balaji
8.1 Introduction
8.2 History
8.3 Allied Systems of Medicine in Ayurveda
8.4 Medicinal Plants Versus Phytotherapeutics
8.5 Advantages of Phytotherapeutics
8.6 Disadvantages of Phytotherapeutics
8.7 Phytotherapeutics and Dentistry
8.8 Herbendodontics
8.9 Classification
8.9.1 Classification Based on Application
8.9.1.1 Root Canal Irrigation/Intracanal Medicament
8.9.1.2 Chelating/Smear Layer Removal: Green Tea, Tea Tree Oil, German Chamomile
8.9.2 Classification of Herbs in Endodontics
8.10 Herbs Used in Endodontics
8.10.1 Neem (Azadirachta indica)
8.10.2 Propolis (Propolis resin)
8.10.3 Morinda citrifolia (Ashyuka – Indian mulberry/Noni)
8.10.4 Garlic Extract (Allium sativum)
8.10.5 Green Tea (Camellia sinensis)
8.10.6 Tea Tree Oil (Melaleuca alternifolia)
8.10.7 Carvacrol (Origanum vulgare)
8.10.8 Greater Burdock (Arctium lappa)
8.10.9 Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum)
8.10.10 Miswak (Salvadora persica)
8.10.11 German Chamomile (Marticaria recutita)
8.10.12 Grape Seed Extract
8.10.13 Orange Peel (Citrus aurantium dulcis)
8.10.14 Passion Fruit Juice (Passiflora edulis)
8.10.15 Liquorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra)
8.10.16 Triphala
8.10.17 Apple (Malus domestica)
8.10.18 Pomegranate (Punica granatum)
8.10.19 Grape (Citrus paradisi)
8.10.20 Rosemary (Salvia rosemarinus)
8.10.21 Baicalein (Scutellaria baicalensis)
8.10.22 Aloe Vera (Aloe barbadensis)
8.10.23 Coconut Water (Cocos nucifera L)
8.10.24 Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas L)
8.10.25 Curcumin (Curcuma longa)
8.10.26 Cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum)
8.10.27 Clove (Syzygium aromaticum)
8.10.28 Sapindus mukorossi
8.10.29 Pudina or Mint Leaves (Mentha piperita)
8.10.30 Psidium guajava (Perukam – Guava)
8.11 Application of Herbs in Endodontics
8.12 Future of Herbs in Dentistry
8.13 Future of Phytotherapeutics
8.14 Challenges
8.15 Purview of the Healthcare Professionals
References
9. Herb-Derived Phytochemicals for Dental Implant Applications
Saranya Varadarajan, Narasimman Muthusamy, Nithiyarajan Nambirajan, Rathinavel Pandian Manickavel, C.J. Venkatakrishnan, Jimson Samson, Raghunathan Jagannathan, Thodur Madapusi Balaji, S. Lakshmi Priya and Swaminathan Rajendran
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Bone as a Dynamic Tissue
9.3 The Dental Implant Scenario in the Context of Bone Biology
9.4 Herb-Derived Phytoconstituents as Bone Regeneration Molecules
9.5 Evidence for the Use of Herbs for Periodontal and Peri‑Implant Regeneration
9.6 Strategies of Improving Bone Growth Around the Implants
9.7 Conclusion
References
10. Natural Compounds in the Treatment of Oral Submucous Fibrosis
Urmi Ghone, Gargi Sarode and Sachin Sarode
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Etiopathogenesis of OSMF
10.3 Histopathological Features of OSMF
10.4 Current Treatment Interventions for OSMF
10.5 Natural Compounds in Treatment of OSMF
10.6 Safety of Natural Compounds in OSMF
10.7 Advantages of Using Natural Compounds in OSMF
10.8 Limitations of Using Natural Compounds in OSMF
10.9 Conclusion
References
11. The Effects of Natural Products on Mouth Sores
Marzie Boskabady, Sepide Behrouz, Mahla Mohammadi and Mohammad Hossein Boskabady
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Methods
11.3 Results
11.3.1 The Effects of Natural Products on Mouth Infections Mainly Recurrent Aphthous-Induced Mouth Sore
11.3.1.1 Experimental Studies
11.3.1.2 Clinical Studies
11.3.2 The Effects of Natural Products on Dental Caries and Trauma-Induced Mouth Sore
11.3.2.1 Experimental Studies
11.3.2.2 Clinical Studies
11.3.3 The Effects of Natural Products on Periodontal Disease and Periodontitis-Induced Mouth Sore
11.3.3.1 Experimental Studies
11.3.3.2 Clinical Studies
11.4 Discussion
List of Abbreviations
References
12. Natural Products to Cure Bad Breath
Khalid Mohammed Khan, Shehryar Hameed and Shahbaz Shamim
12.1 What is a Natural Product?
12.2 Sources of Natural Products
12.3 Natural Products as Medicinal Uses
12.4 What is the Bad Breath (Halitosis)?
12.5 How to Prevalence Bad Breath (Halitosis)?
12.6 Epidemiology Studies
12.7 What is the Truly Probable Source of Halitosis?
12.8 Halitosis Originates from the Oral Cavity
12.9 Halitosis Originates from Non-Oral Sources
12.10 Other Causes of Halitosis
12.11 Self-Betterment of Bad Breath
12.12 Terminology and Classification Used in Halitosis
12.13 Treatment of Bad Breath Using Medicinal Plants
12.13.1 Mustard (Brassica)
12.13.1.1 Family
12.13.1.2 Description
12.13.1.3 Distribution
12.13.1.4 Parts Used
12.13.1.5 Medicinal Uses
12.13.2 Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus)
12.13.2.1 Family: Myrtaceae
12.13.2.2 Description
12.13.2.3 Distribution
12.13.2.4 Parts Used
12.13.2.5 Medicinal Uses
12.13.3 Magnolia officinalis (Oupu magnolia or magnolia-bark)
12.13.3.1 Family
12.13.3.2 Description
12.13.3.3 Distribution
12.13.3.4 Parts Used
12.13.3.5 Medicinal Uses
12.13.4 Mint (Coleus amboinicus)
12.13.4.1 Family
12.13.4.2 Description
12.13.4.3 Distribution
12.13.4.4 Parts Used
12.13.4.5 Medicinal Uses
12.13.5 Green Tea (Camellia sinensis)
12.13.5.1 Family
12.13.5.2 Distribution
12.13.5.3 Parts Used
12.13.5.4 Medicinal Uses
12.13.6 Bamboo (Bambusa vulgaris)
12.13.6.1 Family
12.13.6.2 Description
12.13.6.3 Distribution
12.13.6.4 Parts Used
12.13.6.5 Medicinal Uses
12.13.7 Clove (Syzygium aromaticum)
12.13.7.1 Family
12.13.7.2 Description
12.13.7.3 Distribution
12.13.7.4 Parts Used
12.13.7.5 Medicinal Uses
12.13.8 Myrrh (Commiphora myrrha)
12.13.8.1 Family
12.13.8.2 Description
12.13.8.3 Distribution
12.13.8.4 Parts Used
12.13.8.5 Medicinal Uses
12.13.9 Symplocos racemosa Roxb (Symplocos)
12.13.9.1 Family
12.13.9.2 Description
12.13.9.3 Distribution
12.13.9.4 Parts Used
12.13.9.5 Medicinal Uses
12.13.10 Nutmeg Tree (Myristica fragrans Houtt.)
12.13.10.1 Family
12.13.10.2 Description
12.13.10.3 Distribution
12.13.10.4 Parts Used
12.13.10.5 Medicinal Uses
12.13.11 Betel (Piper betle)
12.13.11.1 Family
12.13.11.2 Description
12.13.11.3 Distribution
12.13.11.4 Parts Used
12.13.11.5 Medicinal Uses
References
13. Herbal Formulations as Denture Cleansers
Amar Bhochhibhoya, Sahara Shrestha, Rejina Shrestha and Manjeev Guragain
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Denture Cleanser
13.3 Need of Herbal Denture Cleanser
13.4 Black Cutch
13.5 Aloe
13.6 Neem
13.7 Cinnamon
13.8 Turmeric
13.9 Liquorice
13.10 Tea Tree
13.11 Miswak
13.12 Clove
13.13 Black Myrobalan
13.14 Prickly Ash
13.15 Ginger
13.16 Triphala
13.17 Irimedadi Taila
13.18 Advantages
13.19 Limitations
13.20 Conclusion and Future Prospects
References
14. Natural Oral Care Therapy for Peri-Implant Diseases
Bharat Mirchandani, Hans Erling Skallevold, Artak Heboyan, Diane Isabel Selvido, Viritpon Srimaneepong, Pasutha Thunyakitpisa and Dinesh Rokaya
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Dental Implant Surface Modifications
14.3 Risk Factors for Peri-Implantitis
14.4 Histology and Microbiology of Peri-Implantitis
14.5 Management of Peri-Implantitis
14.6 Herbal Therapy of Peri-Implantitis
14.6.1 Grape Seed Extract
14.6.2 Nicotine–S. aureus Combination
14.6.3 Citric Acid
14.6.4 Chlorhexidine
14.6.5 Hydrogen Peroxide
14.6.6 Saline
14.7 Regenerative Therapy
14.8 Conclusion
References
15. Natural Compounds in the Treatment of Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis
Gargi Sarode, Madhura Pawar, Vivek Pawar and Sachin Sarode
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Epidemiologic Findings
15.3 Etiology
15.4 Clinical Features
15.5 Diagnosis
15.6 Treatment and Prognosis
15.7 Systemic Therapy
15.8 Herbs Used in the Treatment of RAU and Their Phytochemical Actions
15.9 Essential Facts While Considering Dental Treatment
15.10 Challenges and Prospects
References
16. Alveolar Bone Protective Effects of Natural Products
Diane Isabel Selvido, Hans Erling Skallevold, Bishwa Prakash Bhattarai, Rajesh Dashaputra, Azeem UI Yaqin Syed and Dinesh Rokaya
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Properties of Natural Products
16.2.1 Antimicrobial
16.2.2 Antioxidative
16.2.3 Anti-Inflammatory
16.2.4 Bone Preservative
16.2.5 Bone Regenerative
16.3 Socket Extraction Healing
16.4 Low-Level Laser Therapy
16.5 Safety Regarding Natural Products
16.6 Conclusion
References
17. Natural Oral Care Products for the Treatment of Stomatitis
Vivekanand Kattimani, Gnana Sarita Kumari Panga, Swetha Gnanavel, Deepeka Saravanan and Nagalaxmi Hymavathi Chintalapati
17.1 Introduction
17.1.1 Turmeric (Curcuma longa)
17.1.2 Aloe Vera (Aloe barbadensis miller)
17.1.3 Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra)
17.1.4 Myrrh (Commiphora myrrha)
17.1.5 Myrtle (Myrtus communis)
17.1.6 Ginger (Zingiber officinale)
17.1.7 Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum or Ocimum tenuiflorum)
17.1.8 Neem (Azadirachta indica)
17.1.9 Triphala (Amla, Myrobalan, Beheda) – Emblica officinalis, Terminalia bellirica, Terminalia chebula
17.1.10 Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla)
17.1.11 Guava (Psidium guajava)
17.1.12 Echinacea (Echinacea purpurea)
17.1.13 Lady Mantle (Alchemilla vulgaris)
17.1.14 Rose (Rosa damascena)
17.1.15 Lemon (Citrus limon)
17.1.16 Plantain (Plantago major)
17.1.17 Borage (Echium amoenum)
17.1.18 Grapevine (Vitis vinifera)
17.1.19 Cubebs (Piper cubeba)
17.1.20 Camphor (Cinnamomum camphora)
17.1.21 Catechu (Acacia catechu)
17.1.22 Common Centaury (Centaurium erythraea)
17.1.23 Taro (Colocasia antiquorum)
17.1.24 Cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum)
17.1.25 Betel Nut (Areca catechu)
17.1.26 Pistachio (Pistacia vera)
17.1.27 Blackberry (Rubus fruticosus)
17.1.28 Jujube (Zizyphus jujube)
17.1.29 Lentil (Lens culinaris)
17.1.30 Chalk (Bambusa arundinacea)
17.1.31 Pomegranate (Punica granatum)
17.1.32 Saatar (Zataria multiflora)
17.1.33 Basil (Ocimum basilicum)
17.1.34 Sumac (Rhus coriaria)
17.1.35 Lettuce (Lactuca sativa)
17.1.36 Henna (Lawsonia inermis)
17.1.37 Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius)
17.1.38 Purslane (Portulaca oleracea)
17.1.39 Mulberry (Morus alba)
17.1.40 Jambul (Eugenia jambolana)
17.1.41 Small Caltrops (Tribulus terrestris)
17.1.42 Capsicum (Capsicum annum)
17.1.43 Papaya (Carica papaya)
17.1.44 Noni Fruit (Morinda citrifolia)
17.1.45 Indian Cherry (Cordia dichotoma)
17.2 Safety Aspects
17.3 Advantages
17.4 Limitations
17.5 Conclusion and Future Prospects
References
Part II: Plants and Phytoconstituents Used in Natural Oral Care
18. Cranberry and Oral Health
Kamal Shigli, Sushma S. Nayak, U. B. Bolmal and Kamal Shah
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Macroscopic Description
18.3 Microscopic Identification
18.4 Chief Phytoconstituents
18.5 Biological Properties of Cranberry
18.6 Safety
18.7 Formulation Using Cranberry
18.8 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
19. Mangroves: Potent Botanicals as Therapeutics for Oral Ailments
Merry Kashyap, Akshar Radhakrishnan, Priyanka Singh, Amrita Sinharay, Kavyasree Marabanahalli Yogendraiah and Santosh Anand
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Oral Pathogens and its Associated Diseases
19.2.1 Bacterial Pathogens
19.2.2 Fungal Pathogens
19.2.3 Obligate Parasitic Viruses
19.3 Traditionally Used Plants for Oral Cure
19.4 Mangroves
19.5 Potent Mangroves for the Restoration of Oral Health
19.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgement
References
20. Tea Tree Oil on Oral Health – A Systematic Review
Kalyana Chakravarthy Pentapati and Chenna Deepika
Abbreviation
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Antimicrobial Activity
20.3 Clinical Effect on Plaque, Gingivitis, Probing Depth, and Clinical Attachment Level
20.4 Clinical Effect on Halitosis
20.5 Clinical Studies in the Reduction of Oral Bacteria
20.6 Management of Denture Stomatitis
20.7 Endodontic Irrigation
20.8 Miscellaneous
20.8.1 Wound Dressing
20.8.2 Pre-Procedural Rinse for Aerosol
20.8.3 Aromatherapy
20.8.4 Toothbrush Disinfection
20.8.5 Cavity Disinfection
20.8.6 Orthodontics
20.9 Adverse Effects
20.10 Conclusion
References
21. Oregano Oil and Grape Seed Oil – A Potent Displacer of Commercially
Available Denture Cleansers
Shetty Prajna P., Chowdhary Ramesh, Shetty Pooja P. and Volety Supraja
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Oregano Oil
21.3 Grape Seed Oil
21.4 Conclusion
References
22. Punica granatum (Pomegranate): A Potential Herbal Medicine in Treating
Periodontal Disease in the Modern World of Dentistry
Sumanth Gunupati, Sukrutha Biradavolu, Priyanka Nitin and Thummala Kalyani
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Effect of Active Phytochemicals of Punica granatum L.
22.3 The Bioactivities of Pomegranate Juice
22.3.1 Antioxidant Activity
22.3.2 Anti-Inflammatory Properties
22.3.3 Anti-Tumorigenic Properties
22.3.4 Neuroprotection
22.3.5 Cardiovascular Properties
22.3.6 Anti-Diabetics Activity
22.4 Periodontal Disease and the Use of Punica granatum
22.5 Biological Effects of Punica granatum L. in Periodontal Disease
22.6 Other Applications in the Field of Dentistry
22.7 Safety of Pomegranate
22.8 Conclusion
References
23. Potential Effects of Schinus terebinthifolia Raddi (Anacardiaceae) for the
Treatment of Oral Conditions
Ana Carolina Rivas, Nathalya Maria Vilela Moura and Mario Taba Jr.
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Periodontitis
23.3 Schinus terebinthifolia Raddi (Anacardiaceae)
23.3.1 Chemical Composition – Schinus terebinthifolia
23.3.2 The Use of Schinus terebinthifolia for Periodontal Treatment
23.4 Origin, Popular Use, and Curiosities
23.4.1 Table of Properties and Respective Studies
23.5 Advantages and Disadvantages of the Use of Schinus terebinthifolia
23.6 Conclusion
References
24. Melatonin: A Naturally Derived Molecule as a Protector of Oral Health
Thodur Madapusi Balaji, Saranya Varadarajan, C.J. Venkatakrishnan, Raghunathan Jagannathan, Bhuvaneswari Birla Bose, Juala Catherine, Vignesh Vikram, T. Parthasarathi, S. Lakshmi Priya and Swaminathan Rajendran
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Melatonin: Chemistry, Evolution and Biosynthesis
24.3 Functions of Melatonin in Living Beings
24.4 Melatonin and Oral Health
24.5 Evidence for Use of Melatonin in Management of Oral Diseases
24.6 Diet Derived Melatonin: Plants and Plant-Derived Food Rich in Melatonin
24.7 Hypothesis Promoting Use of Phytomelatonin for Prevention of Oral Diseases
24.8 Conclusion
References
25. Myrrha and Oral Health
Randa A. Alfotawi
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Chemical Compositions
25.2.1 Commiphora Compounds
25.2.2 Commiphora Myrrha’s Critical Constituent: Furanodienes
25.3 Mechanism of Actions of Analgesic Effect
25.4 Myrrha Crude Extracts and Essential Oil Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Abilities
25.5 Clinical Studies Effects
25.5.1 Gingivitis and Periodontitis
25.5.2 Postoperative Intraoral Wound Healing
25.5.3 Oral Ulcers
25.6 Other Promising Experimental Work – Ex Vivo Experiments
25.6.1 Anti-Cancer
25.6.2 Effect on Bone
25.6.3 Endodontic Use for Irrigation of Root Canals
25.6.4 The Effect on the Strength of Surgical Sutures and Flap Closure
25.7 Reported Side Effects and Potential Drug Interactions
References
26. Syzygium aromaticum – Role in Oral Health and Dental Care
Vahid Reza Askari, Zohre Najafi and Vafa Baradaran Rahimi
26.1 Importance of Herbal Medicine
26.2 Clove (Syzygium aromaticum)
26.2.1 Components of Clove Oil
26.2.2 Pharmacological Effects of Clove Essential Oils
26.2.2.1 Antibacterial Activities
26.2.2.2 Anti-Inflammatory Activity
26.2.2.3 Antioxidant Properties
26.2.2.4 Antifungal Activities
26.2.2.5 Antiviral Activities
26.2.3 Cytotoxicity of Syzygium aromaticum
26.2.4 Potential Properties of Clove for Treatment of Oral Disease
26.2.4.1 Dental Caries
26.2.4.2 Herbal Toothpaste and Mouthwash
26.2.4.3 Periodontitis
26.2.4.4 Denture Stomatitis
26.3 Conclusion
List of Abbreviations
References
27. Acemannan: A Promising Natural Polysaccharide in Dentistry
Hans Erling Skallevold, Dinesh Rokaya and Pasutha Thunyakitpisal
27.1 Introduction
27.2 Aloe Vera and Acemannan
27.3 Physical and Chemical Structure of Acemannan
27.4 Therapeutic Uses of Acemannan in Dentistry
27.4.1 Soft Tissue Healing
27.4.2 Hard Tissue Healing
27.4.2.1 Dentin Regeneration
27.4.2.2 Alveolar Bone Regeneration
27.5 Recent Advances in Acemannan Application
27.6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
Acknowledgements
References
28. Piper betel Linn. (Betel Leaf) and Its Beneficial Effects in Orodental
Ailments: A Memoir
Aditya Shetty, Princy Louis Palatty, Bharathi Shetty, Sembagalakshmi Thirunarayanan, Priyanka Latha Senthilkumar, Sharake Meera, Suresh Rao, Shamprasad Varija Raghu and Manjeshwar Shrinath Baliga
28.1 Introduction
28.2 Chemistry of Betel Leaf
28.2.1 Traditional Use of Piper Betel
28.3 Validated Pharmacological Properties
28.4 Betel Leaf in Oral Health
28.4.1 Oral Cavity and Its Importance
28.5 Traditional Use of the Betel Leaves in Maintaining Oral Health
28.5.1 Piper betel in Dental Plaque
28.5.2 Piper betel and Dental Caries
28.5.3 Piper betel and Halitosis or Bad Breath
28.6 Betel as Wound Healing Agent
28.7 Piper betel in Oral Cancer
28.8 Conclusion
References
29. Aloe Vera and Oral Health: A Systematic Review
Kalyana Chakravarthy Pentapati, Hanan Siddiq and Abhinav T.N.
Abbreviations
29.1 Introduction
29.2 Management of OLP
29.3 Management of OSMF
29.4 Radiation or Chemotherapy-Induced Mucositis
29.5 Oral Ulceration or Aphthous Ulcers
29.6 Xerostomia
29.7 Studies on the Plaque, Gingivitis, and Periodontitis
29.8 Storage Medium for Avulsed Teeth
29.9 Minor Oral Surgical Procedures
29.10 Pulpal Therapy
29.11 Antimicrobial Activity
29.12 Cavity Disinfectant
29.13 Improvement in Physical Properties of Dental Materials/Teeth
29.14 Miscellaneous
29.15 Conclusion
References
30. Cinnamomum zeylanicum – A Review for Its Role in Oral Health and Dental Care
Vahid Reza Askari, Zohre Najafi and Vafa Baradaran Rahimi
30.1 Importance of Herbal Medicine
30.2 Oral Microbiota
30.3 Cinnamon
30.4 Cinnamomum zeylanicum
30.5 Cinnamaldehyde
30.5.1 Anti-Bacterial Properties of Cinnamon
30.6 Oral Diseases
30.6.1 Dental Plaque
30.6.2 Tooth Decay (Caries)
30.6.2.1 Management of Tooth Decay
30.6.3 Periodontal Disease
30.6.3.1 Management of Periodontal Disease
30.6.4 Oral Candidiasis
30.6.4.1 Management of Oral Candidiasis
30.7 Conclusion
List of Abbreviations
References
31. Babool (Acacia nilotica) and Oral Health
Anupam Jaiswal, Megha Verma, Seema Kohli, Durgesh Nandini Chauhan, Kamal Shah and Nagendra Singh Chauhan
31.1 Introduction
31.2 Biological Properties
31.3 Plant Part and Uses
31.3.1 General Uses
31.3.1.1 Antimicrobial
31.3.1.2 Anti-Inflammatory
31.3.1.3 Anti-Cancerous
31.3.1.4 Gastrointestinal
31.3.1.5 Anti-Oxidant
31.3.1.6 Anti-Malarial
31.3.1.7 Analgesic and Antipyretic
31.3.1.8 Metabolic Disorder
31.3.1.9 Degenerative Disorder
31.3.2 Dental Uses
31.3.2.1 Dental Caries
31.3.2.2 Anti-Bacterial
31.3.2.3 Enzyme Inhibitor
31.3.2.4 Oral Cavity
31.4 Conclusion
References
32. Applications of Andrographis paniculata and Its Constituents for Management of Oral Diseases
Ambili R., Nisha K.J., Biji Brigit K. and Rema J.
32.1 Introduction
32.2 Mechanism of Action
32.3 Safety, Side Effects, and Contraindications
32.4 Andrographolide for Periodontal Disease
32.5 Andrographolide in Management of Dental Caries and Root Canal Pathology
32.6 Andrographolide for Oral Cancer
32.7 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
Part III: Advancement in Natural Product Oral Care
33. In Silico Approach with Phytochemical Analysis and Its Role in Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders (OPMD) and Oral Cancer
Vaibhav Sunil Ladke, Gitanjali Javir and Gauri M. Kumbhar
33.1 Introduction
33.2 Clinical Symptoms of Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders and Oral Cancer
33.3 Oral Cancer/Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma
33.4 Role of Ayurveda and Modern Medicines in Oral Cancer
33.5 In Silico Approach
33.6 Network Pharmacology
33.7 Network Construction
33.8 Construction of the Drug-Target Network
References
34. Anticancer Activities of Trigonella foenum-graecum L. and Trigonelline on an Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cell Line
Saranya Varadarajan, Thodur Madapusi Balaji, Malathi Narasimhan, Durai Pandian Chamundeeswari Meenakshi and Dhanapal Sakthisekaran
34.1 Introduction
34.2 Materials and Methods
34.2.1 Approval from the Institutional Ethic Committee
34.2.2 Procedure for Preparation of Crude Plant Extracts
34.2.3 Quantification of Trigonelline Hydrochloride in Trigonella foenum‑graecum L. (seeds) Extracts (TfgE)
34.2.4 Assessment of In Vitro Anticancer Effects
34.2.4.1 Assessment of Cell Viability
34.2.4.2 Assessment of Effect of the Crude Extract and Trigonelline on Apoptosis
34.2.4.3 Assessment of Effect of the Test Substances on Cell Cycle
34.3 Results
34.3.1 Quantification of Trigonelline Hydrochloride in TfgE
34.3.2 In Vitro Anticancer Activities of Trigonelline Hydrochloride and on Oral Cancer
34.4 Conclusion and Discussion
References
35. Evaluation of The Anti-Inflammatory Action of Andiroba Oil – Carapa guianensis aubl (Meliceae) in Oral Mucositis
Fabricio Mesquita Tuji, Priscilla Bittencourt de Almeida Figueiredo,
Gabriel Henrique Soares Cavalcante and Rommel Mario Rodriguez Burbano
35.1 Introduction
35.2 Andirobra Oil and Its Therapeutic Properties in Oral Mucositis
35.3 The Role of Inflammatory Cytokines in Oral Mucositis
35.4 Evaluation of the Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Andiroba Oil on Oral Mucositis Through Inflammatory Cytokines
35.4.1 Materials and Methods
35.4.1.1 Ethical Aspects
35.4.1.2 Participants
35.4.1.3 Obtaining the Andiroba Oil and the Gas Chromatography Analysis (GC-MS)
35.4.1.4 Preparation of the Orabase
35.4.1.5 Analysis of the Andiroba Oil
35.4.1.6 Intervention
35.4.1.7 Data Collection
35.4.1.8 Analysis of the Expression of the Inflammatory Mediators
35.4.1.9 Statistical Analysis
35.4.2 Results
35.4.2.1 Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS)
35.4.2.2 Recruitment of Participants
35.4.2.3 Expression of Inflammatory Markers
35.4.2.4 Security Report
35.5 Discussion
35.6 Conclusions
References
36. Trends of Clinical Studies with Xylitol or Propolis Toothpastes
Mariana Leonel Martins, Natália Magno Von Helde, Yuri Wanderley Cavalcanti,
Lucianne Cople Maia and Andréa Fonseca-Gonçalves
36.1 Introduction
36.2 Methods
36.2.1 Eligibility Criteria
36.2.2 Literature Search Strategy
36.2.3 Selection Procedures
36.2.4 Data Extraction
36.2.5 Data Analyses
36.3 Results
36.3.1 Year of Publication, Countries, Authors, and Journals
36.3.2 Age Groups, Randomization, Type of Treatment, Products, and Results
36.3.3 Outcomes, Product Concentration and Toothpastes’ Presentation Form
36.3.4 Frequency of Use, Duration of Treatment and Washout Period
36.3.5 Other Active Compounds and Side-Effects
36.3.6 Propolis Origin and Oral Clinical Indexes
36.4 Discussion
36.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgement
References
37. Use of Polyols in Dentistry: Effects on Tooth Mineral Dynamics and Oral Biofilms
Igor Zen, Tamires Passadori Martins, Caio Sampaio, Alberto Carlos Botazzo Delbem, Douglas Roberto Monteiro and Juliano Pelim Pessan
37.1 Introduction
37.2 Xylitol
37.3 Erythritol
37.4 Conclusions
References
38. Therapeutic Activity of Salvia officinalis L. Hydro-Ethanolic Extract from Aerial Parts on Dental Disease
Maryam Eidi and Reza Ghahramani
38.1 Introduction
38.2 Materials and Methods
38.3 Results
38.4 Discussion
38.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgement
References
39. Effect of Black Pomegranate Hydro-Ethanolic Extract from Peel in Diabetic Male Rats with Candida albicans Oral Mucosa Infection
Maryam Eidi and Reza Ghahramani
39.1 Introduction
39.2 Materials and Methods
39.2.1 Plant Material
39.2.2 Preparation of Fungus
39.2.3 Animal
39.3 Statistical Analysis
39.4 Results
39.5 Discussion
39.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgement
References
40. In Vitro and In Vivo Efficacy of Phytoactive-Based Oral Care Regimens in the Prophylaxis of Oral Biofilm and Augmentation of Oral Hygiene
Arumugam Priya, Nagaiah Hari Prasath, Nambiraman Malligarjunan and Shunmugiah Karutha Pandian
40.1 Introduction
40.2 Oral Infectious Diseases
40.2.1 Dental Caries
40.2.1.1 Pathogenesis of Dental Caries
40.2.2 Early Childhood Caries
40.2.2.1 Clinical Manifestation of Early Childhood Caries
40.2.3 Oral Candidiasis
40.2.3.1 Risk Factors of Oral Candidiasis
40.3 Role of the Microbial Agents in Oral Diseases
40.3.1 Role of S. mutans in Dental Caries and ECC
40.3.2 Role of C. albicans in Initiation and in Maintenance of Clinical Conditions of Oral Candidiasis
40.4 Therapeutics Used for Prevention and Treatment of the Oral Diseases
40.4.1 Therapeutic Agents for Dental Caries and Early Childhood Caries
40.4.2 Therapeutic Agents for Oral Candidiasis
40.5 In Vivo Efficacy of Natural Products/Bioactives Against Oral Pathogens
40.5.1 Oral Antimicrobials
40.5.2 Reducing Biofilm and Plaque Formation
40.5.3 Reducing Oral Halitosis
40.6 Bioactives to Fight Against Biofilm and Antimicrobial Resistance
40.7 Dentifrices for Oral Care
40.8 Oral Care Products with Natural Bioactives/Products
40.8.1 Toothpaste Formulations Incorporated with Natural Bioactives
40.8.2 Mouthwash Formulations Incorporated with Natural Bioactives
40.8.3 Chewing Gum Formulations Incorporated with Natural Bioactives
40.9 Conclusion
References
41. Natural Oral Care Approach and Application in COVID-19 Management
Beuy Joob and Viroj Wiwanitkit
41.1 Introduction
41.2 Natural Oral Care Concept and Application for the New Emerging Disease
41.3 Oral Health Problem in COVID-19
41.4 Naturally Derived Dental Products and Interrelationship with COVID-19
41.5 Oral Cleansing, Nasal Irrigation and COVID-19
41.6 Ethnopharmacology for Natural Oral Care and COVID-19
41.7 New Intervention on Natural Based Regimen for Management of COVID-19
41.8 Conclusion
References
42. Fabricated Plant-Based Nanoformulations: Therapeutics for Oral Health
Santosh Anand and Prabhakar Mishra
42.1 Introduction
42.2 Phytochemicals as Oral Therapeutics
42.2.1 Phytochemicals as Antibacterial and Antifungal Agents
42.3 Phyto-Nanotechnology as Oral Therapeutics
42.4 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
Index
Back to Top
Preface
Part I: Phytopharmaceuticals in Various Diseases
1. Ayurvedic Approaches to Oral Health and Hygiene: A Review
Manindra Mohan Shrivastava, Prashant Kr. Gupta, Kamal Shah, Durgesh Nandini Chauhan and Nagendra Singh Chauhan
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Different Types of Kavala and Gandusha According to Vyadhi
1.3 Clinical Studies on Gandusha and Kavala
1.4 Conclusion
References
2. Emerging Role of Medicinal Plants in the Prevention of Oral Cavity Disorders
Navneet Kishore and Bhanu Pratap Singh
2.1 Introduction
2.2 The Initiation of Periodontal Diseases
2.3 Traditional Usage of Chewing Sticks
2.4 Traditional Usage of Medicinal Plants in Dental Ministrations
2.5 Herbal Products to Overcome on Dental Disorders
2.6 Plant Metabolites and Oral Cavity Disorders
2.7 Future Perspective
2.8 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
3. Natural Oral Care and Herbal Products for Oral Diseases and Oral Hygiene Maintenance
Goma Kathayat, Diane Isabel Selvido, Hans Erling Skallevold, Maan Bahadur Rokaya, Bishwa Prakash Bhattarai, Anand Marya and Dinesh Rokaya
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Oral Diseases
3.3 Emerging Trends of Herbal Care in Dentistry
3.4 Advantage of Herbal Products in Oral Care
3.5 Importance of Saliva in Oral Homeostasis and Oral Care
3.6 Medicinal Plants as Salivary Substitutes for Oral Care
3.7 Forms of Natural Oral Care and Herbal Products for Dry Mouth
3.7.1 Herbal Mouthwashes and Gels
3.7.2 Medicinal Sprays
3.7.3 Lozenges
3.7.4 Juices
3.7.5 Toothpaste
3.8 Limitations of Herbal Products in Natural Oral Care
3.9 Toxicity of Herbal Products
3.10 Conclusion
References
4. Complementary and Alternative Medicine: Gains and Drawbacks with Special Reference to Oral Healthcare
Ezi Abigail Akaji
4.1 Introduction
4.1.1 Background
4.1.2 Types of Complementary and Alternative Medicine
4.2 Popularity of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicine (TCAM)
4.2.1 Views and Perceptions About TCAM Use
4.2.1.1 Public Health Agencies and Policy Makers
4.2.1.2 Orthodox Medicine Practitioners
4.2.1.3 Patients/Clients of TCAM Practitioners
4.3 Oral Health Gains from Complementary and Medicine Products
4.3.1 Prevention of Oral Diseases
4.3.2 Treatment of Toothache and Other Oral Diseases
4.4 Drawbacks on Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Practices (TCAM)
4.4.1 Drug Abuse and Toxicity
4.4.2 Drug Interactions
4.4.3 Wrong Applications and Misconceptions About TCAM
4.4.4 Harmful Primitive Practices
4.5 Conclusion and Recommendations
References
5. Nutraceutical Agents on Oral and Periodontal Health and Disease
Gaetano Isola, Alessandro Polizzi and Simona Santonocito
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 Vitamins
5.1.1.1 Vitamin A
5.1.1.2 Vitamin B
5.1.1.3 Vitamin C
5.1.1.4 Vitamin D
5.1.1.5 Vitamin E
5.1.1.6 Vitamin K
5.2 Phytochemicals
5.3 Probiotics
5.4 Prebiotics
5.5 Conclusions
References
6. Role of Herbal Products as Denture Disinfectants and Cleansers
Jacob Mathew Philip, Helen Mary Abraham, Tamizhesai, M. Navin Bharathy,
C.J. Venkatakrishnan, Saranya Varadarajan, Raghunathan Jagannathan and Thodur Madapusi Balaji
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Denture Plaque Biofilm
6.3 Methods to Mitigate Denture Plaque Induced Stomatitis
6.4 Herbal Extracts that are Promising Denture Cleansers
6.4.1 Cocoa
6.4.2 Thyme
6.4.3 Grapefruit Seed Extract
6.4.4 Noni
6.4.5 Tea Tree Oil
6.4.6 Shikakai
6.4.7 Castor Oil
6.4.8 Lemon Grass
6.4.9 Mangrove Herbal
6.4.10 Triphala Herbal
6.4.11 Origanum Oil
6.4.12 Green Tea
6.4.13 Shiwak (Miswak)
6.4.14 Aloe Vera
6.4.15 Black Tea
6.4.16 Sea Weed
6.5 Challenges and Limitation
6.6 Conclusion and Future Direction
References
7. Use of Natural Oral Care Products in Orthodontics
Anand Marya, Mohmed Isaqali Karobari, Pravin Kumar Shah and Dinesh Rokaya
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Herbal Products to Control the Plaque Accumulation During Orthodontic Treatment
7.3 Herbal Products to Prevent Halitosis During Orthodontic Treatment
7.4 Herbal Products to Prevent Gingivitis During Orthodontic Treatment
7.5 Herbal Products to Prevent White Spots on Enamel During Orthodontic Treatment
7.6 Herbal Products to Prevent Dental Caries During Orthodontic Treatment
7.7 Herbal Products for Pain During Orthodontic Treatment
7.8 Herbal Products for Oral Ulcers During Orthodontic Treatment
7.9 Adverse Effects
7.10 Conclusion
References
8. Herbs and Their Applications as Root Canal Medicaments
S. Balagopal, Vandana James, Nagarajan Geethapriya, Shekar Shobana, Saranya Varadarajan, Raghunathan Jagannathan and Thodur Madapusi Balaji
8.1 Introduction
8.2 History
8.3 Allied Systems of Medicine in Ayurveda
8.4 Medicinal Plants Versus Phytotherapeutics
8.5 Advantages of Phytotherapeutics
8.6 Disadvantages of Phytotherapeutics
8.7 Phytotherapeutics and Dentistry
8.8 Herbendodontics
8.9 Classification
8.9.1 Classification Based on Application
8.9.1.1 Root Canal Irrigation/Intracanal Medicament
8.9.1.2 Chelating/Smear Layer Removal: Green Tea, Tea Tree Oil, German Chamomile
8.9.2 Classification of Herbs in Endodontics
8.10 Herbs Used in Endodontics
8.10.1 Neem (Azadirachta indica)
8.10.2 Propolis (Propolis resin)
8.10.3 Morinda citrifolia (Ashyuka – Indian mulberry/Noni)
8.10.4 Garlic Extract (Allium sativum)
8.10.5 Green Tea (Camellia sinensis)
8.10.6 Tea Tree Oil (Melaleuca alternifolia)
8.10.7 Carvacrol (Origanum vulgare)
8.10.8 Greater Burdock (Arctium lappa)
8.10.9 Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum)
8.10.10 Miswak (Salvadora persica)
8.10.11 German Chamomile (Marticaria recutita)
8.10.12 Grape Seed Extract
8.10.13 Orange Peel (Citrus aurantium dulcis)
8.10.14 Passion Fruit Juice (Passiflora edulis)
8.10.15 Liquorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra)
8.10.16 Triphala
8.10.17 Apple (Malus domestica)
8.10.18 Pomegranate (Punica granatum)
8.10.19 Grape (Citrus paradisi)
8.10.20 Rosemary (Salvia rosemarinus)
8.10.21 Baicalein (Scutellaria baicalensis)
8.10.22 Aloe Vera (Aloe barbadensis)
8.10.23 Coconut Water (Cocos nucifera L)
8.10.24 Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas L)
8.10.25 Curcumin (Curcuma longa)
8.10.26 Cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum)
8.10.27 Clove (Syzygium aromaticum)
8.10.28 Sapindus mukorossi
8.10.29 Pudina or Mint Leaves (Mentha piperita)
8.10.30 Psidium guajava (Perukam – Guava)
8.11 Application of Herbs in Endodontics
8.12 Future of Herbs in Dentistry
8.13 Future of Phytotherapeutics
8.14 Challenges
8.15 Purview of the Healthcare Professionals
References
9. Herb-Derived Phytochemicals for Dental Implant Applications
Saranya Varadarajan, Narasimman Muthusamy, Nithiyarajan Nambirajan, Rathinavel Pandian Manickavel, C.J. Venkatakrishnan, Jimson Samson, Raghunathan Jagannathan, Thodur Madapusi Balaji, S. Lakshmi Priya and Swaminathan Rajendran
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Bone as a Dynamic Tissue
9.3 The Dental Implant Scenario in the Context of Bone Biology
9.4 Herb-Derived Phytoconstituents as Bone Regeneration Molecules
9.5 Evidence for the Use of Herbs for Periodontal and Peri‑Implant Regeneration
9.6 Strategies of Improving Bone Growth Around the Implants
9.7 Conclusion
References
10. Natural Compounds in the Treatment of Oral Submucous Fibrosis
Urmi Ghone, Gargi Sarode and Sachin Sarode
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Etiopathogenesis of OSMF
10.3 Histopathological Features of OSMF
10.4 Current Treatment Interventions for OSMF
10.5 Natural Compounds in Treatment of OSMF
10.6 Safety of Natural Compounds in OSMF
10.7 Advantages of Using Natural Compounds in OSMF
10.8 Limitations of Using Natural Compounds in OSMF
10.9 Conclusion
References
11. The Effects of Natural Products on Mouth Sores
Marzie Boskabady, Sepide Behrouz, Mahla Mohammadi and Mohammad Hossein Boskabady
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Methods
11.3 Results
11.3.1 The Effects of Natural Products on Mouth Infections Mainly Recurrent Aphthous-Induced Mouth Sore
11.3.1.1 Experimental Studies
11.3.1.2 Clinical Studies
11.3.2 The Effects of Natural Products on Dental Caries and Trauma-Induced Mouth Sore
11.3.2.1 Experimental Studies
11.3.2.2 Clinical Studies
11.3.3 The Effects of Natural Products on Periodontal Disease and Periodontitis-Induced Mouth Sore
11.3.3.1 Experimental Studies
11.3.3.2 Clinical Studies
11.4 Discussion
List of Abbreviations
References
12. Natural Products to Cure Bad Breath
Khalid Mohammed Khan, Shehryar Hameed and Shahbaz Shamim
12.1 What is a Natural Product?
12.2 Sources of Natural Products
12.3 Natural Products as Medicinal Uses
12.4 What is the Bad Breath (Halitosis)?
12.5 How to Prevalence Bad Breath (Halitosis)?
12.6 Epidemiology Studies
12.7 What is the Truly Probable Source of Halitosis?
12.8 Halitosis Originates from the Oral Cavity
12.9 Halitosis Originates from Non-Oral Sources
12.10 Other Causes of Halitosis
12.11 Self-Betterment of Bad Breath
12.12 Terminology and Classification Used in Halitosis
12.13 Treatment of Bad Breath Using Medicinal Plants
12.13.1 Mustard (Brassica)
12.13.1.1 Family
12.13.1.2 Description
12.13.1.3 Distribution
12.13.1.4 Parts Used
12.13.1.5 Medicinal Uses
12.13.2 Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus)
12.13.2.1 Family: Myrtaceae
12.13.2.2 Description
12.13.2.3 Distribution
12.13.2.4 Parts Used
12.13.2.5 Medicinal Uses
12.13.3 Magnolia officinalis (Oupu magnolia or magnolia-bark)
12.13.3.1 Family
12.13.3.2 Description
12.13.3.3 Distribution
12.13.3.4 Parts Used
12.13.3.5 Medicinal Uses
12.13.4 Mint (Coleus amboinicus)
12.13.4.1 Family
12.13.4.2 Description
12.13.4.3 Distribution
12.13.4.4 Parts Used
12.13.4.5 Medicinal Uses
12.13.5 Green Tea (Camellia sinensis)
12.13.5.1 Family
12.13.5.2 Distribution
12.13.5.3 Parts Used
12.13.5.4 Medicinal Uses
12.13.6 Bamboo (Bambusa vulgaris)
12.13.6.1 Family
12.13.6.2 Description
12.13.6.3 Distribution
12.13.6.4 Parts Used
12.13.6.5 Medicinal Uses
12.13.7 Clove (Syzygium aromaticum)
12.13.7.1 Family
12.13.7.2 Description
12.13.7.3 Distribution
12.13.7.4 Parts Used
12.13.7.5 Medicinal Uses
12.13.8 Myrrh (Commiphora myrrha)
12.13.8.1 Family
12.13.8.2 Description
12.13.8.3 Distribution
12.13.8.4 Parts Used
12.13.8.5 Medicinal Uses
12.13.9 Symplocos racemosa Roxb (Symplocos)
12.13.9.1 Family
12.13.9.2 Description
12.13.9.3 Distribution
12.13.9.4 Parts Used
12.13.9.5 Medicinal Uses
12.13.10 Nutmeg Tree (Myristica fragrans Houtt.)
12.13.10.1 Family
12.13.10.2 Description
12.13.10.3 Distribution
12.13.10.4 Parts Used
12.13.10.5 Medicinal Uses
12.13.11 Betel (Piper betle)
12.13.11.1 Family
12.13.11.2 Description
12.13.11.3 Distribution
12.13.11.4 Parts Used
12.13.11.5 Medicinal Uses
References
13. Herbal Formulations as Denture Cleansers
Amar Bhochhibhoya, Sahara Shrestha, Rejina Shrestha and Manjeev Guragain
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Denture Cleanser
13.3 Need of Herbal Denture Cleanser
13.4 Black Cutch
13.5 Aloe
13.6 Neem
13.7 Cinnamon
13.8 Turmeric
13.9 Liquorice
13.10 Tea Tree
13.11 Miswak
13.12 Clove
13.13 Black Myrobalan
13.14 Prickly Ash
13.15 Ginger
13.16 Triphala
13.17 Irimedadi Taila
13.18 Advantages
13.19 Limitations
13.20 Conclusion and Future Prospects
References
14. Natural Oral Care Therapy for Peri-Implant Diseases
Bharat Mirchandani, Hans Erling Skallevold, Artak Heboyan, Diane Isabel Selvido, Viritpon Srimaneepong, Pasutha Thunyakitpisa and Dinesh Rokaya
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Dental Implant Surface Modifications
14.3 Risk Factors for Peri-Implantitis
14.4 Histology and Microbiology of Peri-Implantitis
14.5 Management of Peri-Implantitis
14.6 Herbal Therapy of Peri-Implantitis
14.6.1 Grape Seed Extract
14.6.2 Nicotine–S. aureus Combination
14.6.3 Citric Acid
14.6.4 Chlorhexidine
14.6.5 Hydrogen Peroxide
14.6.6 Saline
14.7 Regenerative Therapy
14.8 Conclusion
References
15. Natural Compounds in the Treatment of Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis
Gargi Sarode, Madhura Pawar, Vivek Pawar and Sachin Sarode
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Epidemiologic Findings
15.3 Etiology
15.4 Clinical Features
15.5 Diagnosis
15.6 Treatment and Prognosis
15.7 Systemic Therapy
15.8 Herbs Used in the Treatment of RAU and Their Phytochemical Actions
15.9 Essential Facts While Considering Dental Treatment
15.10 Challenges and Prospects
References
16. Alveolar Bone Protective Effects of Natural Products
Diane Isabel Selvido, Hans Erling Skallevold, Bishwa Prakash Bhattarai, Rajesh Dashaputra, Azeem UI Yaqin Syed and Dinesh Rokaya
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Properties of Natural Products
16.2.1 Antimicrobial
16.2.2 Antioxidative
16.2.3 Anti-Inflammatory
16.2.4 Bone Preservative
16.2.5 Bone Regenerative
16.3 Socket Extraction Healing
16.4 Low-Level Laser Therapy
16.5 Safety Regarding Natural Products
16.6 Conclusion
References
17. Natural Oral Care Products for the Treatment of Stomatitis
Vivekanand Kattimani, Gnana Sarita Kumari Panga, Swetha Gnanavel, Deepeka Saravanan and Nagalaxmi Hymavathi Chintalapati
17.1 Introduction
17.1.1 Turmeric (Curcuma longa)
17.1.2 Aloe Vera (Aloe barbadensis miller)
17.1.3 Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra)
17.1.4 Myrrh (Commiphora myrrha)
17.1.5 Myrtle (Myrtus communis)
17.1.6 Ginger (Zingiber officinale)
17.1.7 Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum or Ocimum tenuiflorum)
17.1.8 Neem (Azadirachta indica)
17.1.9 Triphala (Amla, Myrobalan, Beheda) – Emblica officinalis, Terminalia bellirica, Terminalia chebula
17.1.10 Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla)
17.1.11 Guava (Psidium guajava)
17.1.12 Echinacea (Echinacea purpurea)
17.1.13 Lady Mantle (Alchemilla vulgaris)
17.1.14 Rose (Rosa damascena)
17.1.15 Lemon (Citrus limon)
17.1.16 Plantain (Plantago major)
17.1.17 Borage (Echium amoenum)
17.1.18 Grapevine (Vitis vinifera)
17.1.19 Cubebs (Piper cubeba)
17.1.20 Camphor (Cinnamomum camphora)
17.1.21 Catechu (Acacia catechu)
17.1.22 Common Centaury (Centaurium erythraea)
17.1.23 Taro (Colocasia antiquorum)
17.1.24 Cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum)
17.1.25 Betel Nut (Areca catechu)
17.1.26 Pistachio (Pistacia vera)
17.1.27 Blackberry (Rubus fruticosus)
17.1.28 Jujube (Zizyphus jujube)
17.1.29 Lentil (Lens culinaris)
17.1.30 Chalk (Bambusa arundinacea)
17.1.31 Pomegranate (Punica granatum)
17.1.32 Saatar (Zataria multiflora)
17.1.33 Basil (Ocimum basilicum)
17.1.34 Sumac (Rhus coriaria)
17.1.35 Lettuce (Lactuca sativa)
17.1.36 Henna (Lawsonia inermis)
17.1.37 Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius)
17.1.38 Purslane (Portulaca oleracea)
17.1.39 Mulberry (Morus alba)
17.1.40 Jambul (Eugenia jambolana)
17.1.41 Small Caltrops (Tribulus terrestris)
17.1.42 Capsicum (Capsicum annum)
17.1.43 Papaya (Carica papaya)
17.1.44 Noni Fruit (Morinda citrifolia)
17.1.45 Indian Cherry (Cordia dichotoma)
17.2 Safety Aspects
17.3 Advantages
17.4 Limitations
17.5 Conclusion and Future Prospects
References
Part II: Plants and Phytoconstituents Used in Natural Oral Care
18. Cranberry and Oral Health
Kamal Shigli, Sushma S. Nayak, U. B. Bolmal and Kamal Shah
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Macroscopic Description
18.3 Microscopic Identification
18.4 Chief Phytoconstituents
18.5 Biological Properties of Cranberry
18.6 Safety
18.7 Formulation Using Cranberry
18.8 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
19. Mangroves: Potent Botanicals as Therapeutics for Oral Ailments
Merry Kashyap, Akshar Radhakrishnan, Priyanka Singh, Amrita Sinharay, Kavyasree Marabanahalli Yogendraiah and Santosh Anand
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Oral Pathogens and its Associated Diseases
19.2.1 Bacterial Pathogens
19.2.2 Fungal Pathogens
19.2.3 Obligate Parasitic Viruses
19.3 Traditionally Used Plants for Oral Cure
19.4 Mangroves
19.5 Potent Mangroves for the Restoration of Oral Health
19.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgement
References
20. Tea Tree Oil on Oral Health – A Systematic Review
Kalyana Chakravarthy Pentapati and Chenna Deepika
Abbreviation
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Antimicrobial Activity
20.3 Clinical Effect on Plaque, Gingivitis, Probing Depth, and Clinical Attachment Level
20.4 Clinical Effect on Halitosis
20.5 Clinical Studies in the Reduction of Oral Bacteria
20.6 Management of Denture Stomatitis
20.7 Endodontic Irrigation
20.8 Miscellaneous
20.8.1 Wound Dressing
20.8.2 Pre-Procedural Rinse for Aerosol
20.8.3 Aromatherapy
20.8.4 Toothbrush Disinfection
20.8.5 Cavity Disinfection
20.8.6 Orthodontics
20.9 Adverse Effects
20.10 Conclusion
References
21. Oregano Oil and Grape Seed Oil – A Potent Displacer of Commercially
Available Denture Cleansers
Shetty Prajna P., Chowdhary Ramesh, Shetty Pooja P. and Volety Supraja
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Oregano Oil
21.3 Grape Seed Oil
21.4 Conclusion
References
22. Punica granatum (Pomegranate): A Potential Herbal Medicine in Treating
Periodontal Disease in the Modern World of Dentistry
Sumanth Gunupati, Sukrutha Biradavolu, Priyanka Nitin and Thummala Kalyani
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Effect of Active Phytochemicals of Punica granatum L.
22.3 The Bioactivities of Pomegranate Juice
22.3.1 Antioxidant Activity
22.3.2 Anti-Inflammatory Properties
22.3.3 Anti-Tumorigenic Properties
22.3.4 Neuroprotection
22.3.5 Cardiovascular Properties
22.3.6 Anti-Diabetics Activity
22.4 Periodontal Disease and the Use of Punica granatum
22.5 Biological Effects of Punica granatum L. in Periodontal Disease
22.6 Other Applications in the Field of Dentistry
22.7 Safety of Pomegranate
22.8 Conclusion
References
23. Potential Effects of Schinus terebinthifolia Raddi (Anacardiaceae) for the
Treatment of Oral Conditions
Ana Carolina Rivas, Nathalya Maria Vilela Moura and Mario Taba Jr.
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Periodontitis
23.3 Schinus terebinthifolia Raddi (Anacardiaceae)
23.3.1 Chemical Composition – Schinus terebinthifolia
23.3.2 The Use of Schinus terebinthifolia for Periodontal Treatment
23.4 Origin, Popular Use, and Curiosities
23.4.1 Table of Properties and Respective Studies
23.5 Advantages and Disadvantages of the Use of Schinus terebinthifolia
23.6 Conclusion
References
24. Melatonin: A Naturally Derived Molecule as a Protector of Oral Health
Thodur Madapusi Balaji, Saranya Varadarajan, C.J. Venkatakrishnan, Raghunathan Jagannathan, Bhuvaneswari Birla Bose, Juala Catherine, Vignesh Vikram, T. Parthasarathi, S. Lakshmi Priya and Swaminathan Rajendran
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Melatonin: Chemistry, Evolution and Biosynthesis
24.3 Functions of Melatonin in Living Beings
24.4 Melatonin and Oral Health
24.5 Evidence for Use of Melatonin in Management of Oral Diseases
24.6 Diet Derived Melatonin: Plants and Plant-Derived Food Rich in Melatonin
24.7 Hypothesis Promoting Use of Phytomelatonin for Prevention of Oral Diseases
24.8 Conclusion
References
25. Myrrha and Oral Health
Randa A. Alfotawi
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Chemical Compositions
25.2.1 Commiphora Compounds
25.2.2 Commiphora Myrrha’s Critical Constituent: Furanodienes
25.3 Mechanism of Actions of Analgesic Effect
25.4 Myrrha Crude Extracts and Essential Oil Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Abilities
25.5 Clinical Studies Effects
25.5.1 Gingivitis and Periodontitis
25.5.2 Postoperative Intraoral Wound Healing
25.5.3 Oral Ulcers
25.6 Other Promising Experimental Work – Ex Vivo Experiments
25.6.1 Anti-Cancer
25.6.2 Effect on Bone
25.6.3 Endodontic Use for Irrigation of Root Canals
25.6.4 The Effect on the Strength of Surgical Sutures and Flap Closure
25.7 Reported Side Effects and Potential Drug Interactions
References
26. Syzygium aromaticum – Role in Oral Health and Dental Care
Vahid Reza Askari, Zohre Najafi and Vafa Baradaran Rahimi
26.1 Importance of Herbal Medicine
26.2 Clove (Syzygium aromaticum)
26.2.1 Components of Clove Oil
26.2.2 Pharmacological Effects of Clove Essential Oils
26.2.2.1 Antibacterial Activities
26.2.2.2 Anti-Inflammatory Activity
26.2.2.3 Antioxidant Properties
26.2.2.4 Antifungal Activities
26.2.2.5 Antiviral Activities
26.2.3 Cytotoxicity of Syzygium aromaticum
26.2.4 Potential Properties of Clove for Treatment of Oral Disease
26.2.4.1 Dental Caries
26.2.4.2 Herbal Toothpaste and Mouthwash
26.2.4.3 Periodontitis
26.2.4.4 Denture Stomatitis
26.3 Conclusion
List of Abbreviations
References
27. Acemannan: A Promising Natural Polysaccharide in Dentistry
Hans Erling Skallevold, Dinesh Rokaya and Pasutha Thunyakitpisal
27.1 Introduction
27.2 Aloe Vera and Acemannan
27.3 Physical and Chemical Structure of Acemannan
27.4 Therapeutic Uses of Acemannan in Dentistry
27.4.1 Soft Tissue Healing
27.4.2 Hard Tissue Healing
27.4.2.1 Dentin Regeneration
27.4.2.2 Alveolar Bone Regeneration
27.5 Recent Advances in Acemannan Application
27.6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
Acknowledgements
References
28. Piper betel Linn. (Betel Leaf) and Its Beneficial Effects in Orodental
Ailments: A Memoir
Aditya Shetty, Princy Louis Palatty, Bharathi Shetty, Sembagalakshmi Thirunarayanan, Priyanka Latha Senthilkumar, Sharake Meera, Suresh Rao, Shamprasad Varija Raghu and Manjeshwar Shrinath Baliga
28.1 Introduction
28.2 Chemistry of Betel Leaf
28.2.1 Traditional Use of Piper Betel
28.3 Validated Pharmacological Properties
28.4 Betel Leaf in Oral Health
28.4.1 Oral Cavity and Its Importance
28.5 Traditional Use of the Betel Leaves in Maintaining Oral Health
28.5.1 Piper betel in Dental Plaque
28.5.2 Piper betel and Dental Caries
28.5.3 Piper betel and Halitosis or Bad Breath
28.6 Betel as Wound Healing Agent
28.7 Piper betel in Oral Cancer
28.8 Conclusion
References
29. Aloe Vera and Oral Health: A Systematic Review
Kalyana Chakravarthy Pentapati, Hanan Siddiq and Abhinav T.N.
Abbreviations
29.1 Introduction
29.2 Management of OLP
29.3 Management of OSMF
29.4 Radiation or Chemotherapy-Induced Mucositis
29.5 Oral Ulceration or Aphthous Ulcers
29.6 Xerostomia
29.7 Studies on the Plaque, Gingivitis, and Periodontitis
29.8 Storage Medium for Avulsed Teeth
29.9 Minor Oral Surgical Procedures
29.10 Pulpal Therapy
29.11 Antimicrobial Activity
29.12 Cavity Disinfectant
29.13 Improvement in Physical Properties of Dental Materials/Teeth
29.14 Miscellaneous
29.15 Conclusion
References
30. Cinnamomum zeylanicum – A Review for Its Role in Oral Health and Dental Care
Vahid Reza Askari, Zohre Najafi and Vafa Baradaran Rahimi
30.1 Importance of Herbal Medicine
30.2 Oral Microbiota
30.3 Cinnamon
30.4 Cinnamomum zeylanicum
30.5 Cinnamaldehyde
30.5.1 Anti-Bacterial Properties of Cinnamon
30.6 Oral Diseases
30.6.1 Dental Plaque
30.6.2 Tooth Decay (Caries)
30.6.2.1 Management of Tooth Decay
30.6.3 Periodontal Disease
30.6.3.1 Management of Periodontal Disease
30.6.4 Oral Candidiasis
30.6.4.1 Management of Oral Candidiasis
30.7 Conclusion
List of Abbreviations
References
31. Babool (Acacia nilotica) and Oral Health
Anupam Jaiswal, Megha Verma, Seema Kohli, Durgesh Nandini Chauhan, Kamal Shah and Nagendra Singh Chauhan
31.1 Introduction
31.2 Biological Properties
31.3 Plant Part and Uses
31.3.1 General Uses
31.3.1.1 Antimicrobial
31.3.1.2 Anti-Inflammatory
31.3.1.3 Anti-Cancerous
31.3.1.4 Gastrointestinal
31.3.1.5 Anti-Oxidant
31.3.1.6 Anti-Malarial
31.3.1.7 Analgesic and Antipyretic
31.3.1.8 Metabolic Disorder
31.3.1.9 Degenerative Disorder
31.3.2 Dental Uses
31.3.2.1 Dental Caries
31.3.2.2 Anti-Bacterial
31.3.2.3 Enzyme Inhibitor
31.3.2.4 Oral Cavity
31.4 Conclusion
References
32. Applications of Andrographis paniculata and Its Constituents for Management of Oral Diseases
Ambili R., Nisha K.J., Biji Brigit K. and Rema J.
32.1 Introduction
32.2 Mechanism of Action
32.3 Safety, Side Effects, and Contraindications
32.4 Andrographolide for Periodontal Disease
32.5 Andrographolide in Management of Dental Caries and Root Canal Pathology
32.6 Andrographolide for Oral Cancer
32.7 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
Part III: Advancement in Natural Product Oral Care
33. In Silico Approach with Phytochemical Analysis and Its Role in Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders (OPMD) and Oral Cancer
Vaibhav Sunil Ladke, Gitanjali Javir and Gauri M. Kumbhar
33.1 Introduction
33.2 Clinical Symptoms of Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders and Oral Cancer
33.3 Oral Cancer/Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma
33.4 Role of Ayurveda and Modern Medicines in Oral Cancer
33.5 In Silico Approach
33.6 Network Pharmacology
33.7 Network Construction
33.8 Construction of the Drug-Target Network
References
34. Anticancer Activities of Trigonella foenum-graecum L. and Trigonelline on an Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cell Line
Saranya Varadarajan, Thodur Madapusi Balaji, Malathi Narasimhan, Durai Pandian Chamundeeswari Meenakshi and Dhanapal Sakthisekaran
34.1 Introduction
34.2 Materials and Methods
34.2.1 Approval from the Institutional Ethic Committee
34.2.2 Procedure for Preparation of Crude Plant Extracts
34.2.3 Quantification of Trigonelline Hydrochloride in Trigonella foenum‑graecum L. (seeds) Extracts (TfgE)
34.2.4 Assessment of In Vitro Anticancer Effects
34.2.4.1 Assessment of Cell Viability
34.2.4.2 Assessment of Effect of the Crude Extract and Trigonelline on Apoptosis
34.2.4.3 Assessment of Effect of the Test Substances on Cell Cycle
34.3 Results
34.3.1 Quantification of Trigonelline Hydrochloride in TfgE
34.3.2 In Vitro Anticancer Activities of Trigonelline Hydrochloride and on Oral Cancer
34.4 Conclusion and Discussion
References
35. Evaluation of The Anti-Inflammatory Action of Andiroba Oil – Carapa guianensis aubl (Meliceae) in Oral Mucositis
Fabricio Mesquita Tuji, Priscilla Bittencourt de Almeida Figueiredo,
Gabriel Henrique Soares Cavalcante and Rommel Mario Rodriguez Burbano
35.1 Introduction
35.2 Andirobra Oil and Its Therapeutic Properties in Oral Mucositis
35.3 The Role of Inflammatory Cytokines in Oral Mucositis
35.4 Evaluation of the Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Andiroba Oil on Oral Mucositis Through Inflammatory Cytokines
35.4.1 Materials and Methods
35.4.1.1 Ethical Aspects
35.4.1.2 Participants
35.4.1.3 Obtaining the Andiroba Oil and the Gas Chromatography Analysis (GC-MS)
35.4.1.4 Preparation of the Orabase
35.4.1.5 Analysis of the Andiroba Oil
35.4.1.6 Intervention
35.4.1.7 Data Collection
35.4.1.8 Analysis of the Expression of the Inflammatory Mediators
35.4.1.9 Statistical Analysis
35.4.2 Results
35.4.2.1 Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS)
35.4.2.2 Recruitment of Participants
35.4.2.3 Expression of Inflammatory Markers
35.4.2.4 Security Report
35.5 Discussion
35.6 Conclusions
References
36. Trends of Clinical Studies with Xylitol or Propolis Toothpastes
Mariana Leonel Martins, Natália Magno Von Helde, Yuri Wanderley Cavalcanti,
Lucianne Cople Maia and Andréa Fonseca-Gonçalves
36.1 Introduction
36.2 Methods
36.2.1 Eligibility Criteria
36.2.2 Literature Search Strategy
36.2.3 Selection Procedures
36.2.4 Data Extraction
36.2.5 Data Analyses
36.3 Results
36.3.1 Year of Publication, Countries, Authors, and Journals
36.3.2 Age Groups, Randomization, Type of Treatment, Products, and Results
36.3.3 Outcomes, Product Concentration and Toothpastes’ Presentation Form
36.3.4 Frequency of Use, Duration of Treatment and Washout Period
36.3.5 Other Active Compounds and Side-Effects
36.3.6 Propolis Origin and Oral Clinical Indexes
36.4 Discussion
36.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgement
References
37. Use of Polyols in Dentistry: Effects on Tooth Mineral Dynamics and Oral Biofilms
Igor Zen, Tamires Passadori Martins, Caio Sampaio, Alberto Carlos Botazzo Delbem, Douglas Roberto Monteiro and Juliano Pelim Pessan
37.1 Introduction
37.2 Xylitol
37.3 Erythritol
37.4 Conclusions
References
38. Therapeutic Activity of Salvia officinalis L. Hydro-Ethanolic Extract from Aerial Parts on Dental Disease
Maryam Eidi and Reza Ghahramani
38.1 Introduction
38.2 Materials and Methods
38.3 Results
38.4 Discussion
38.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgement
References
39. Effect of Black Pomegranate Hydro-Ethanolic Extract from Peel in Diabetic Male Rats with Candida albicans Oral Mucosa Infection
Maryam Eidi and Reza Ghahramani
39.1 Introduction
39.2 Materials and Methods
39.2.1 Plant Material
39.2.2 Preparation of Fungus
39.2.3 Animal
39.3 Statistical Analysis
39.4 Results
39.5 Discussion
39.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgement
References
40. In Vitro and In Vivo Efficacy of Phytoactive-Based Oral Care Regimens in the Prophylaxis of Oral Biofilm and Augmentation of Oral Hygiene
Arumugam Priya, Nagaiah Hari Prasath, Nambiraman Malligarjunan and Shunmugiah Karutha Pandian
40.1 Introduction
40.2 Oral Infectious Diseases
40.2.1 Dental Caries
40.2.1.1 Pathogenesis of Dental Caries
40.2.2 Early Childhood Caries
40.2.2.1 Clinical Manifestation of Early Childhood Caries
40.2.3 Oral Candidiasis
40.2.3.1 Risk Factors of Oral Candidiasis
40.3 Role of the Microbial Agents in Oral Diseases
40.3.1 Role of S. mutans in Dental Caries and ECC
40.3.2 Role of C. albicans in Initiation and in Maintenance of Clinical Conditions of Oral Candidiasis
40.4 Therapeutics Used for Prevention and Treatment of the Oral Diseases
40.4.1 Therapeutic Agents for Dental Caries and Early Childhood Caries
40.4.2 Therapeutic Agents for Oral Candidiasis
40.5 In Vivo Efficacy of Natural Products/Bioactives Against Oral Pathogens
40.5.1 Oral Antimicrobials
40.5.2 Reducing Biofilm and Plaque Formation
40.5.3 Reducing Oral Halitosis
40.6 Bioactives to Fight Against Biofilm and Antimicrobial Resistance
40.7 Dentifrices for Oral Care
40.8 Oral Care Products with Natural Bioactives/Products
40.8.1 Toothpaste Formulations Incorporated with Natural Bioactives
40.8.2 Mouthwash Formulations Incorporated with Natural Bioactives
40.8.3 Chewing Gum Formulations Incorporated with Natural Bioactives
40.9 Conclusion
References
41. Natural Oral Care Approach and Application in COVID-19 Management
Beuy Joob and Viroj Wiwanitkit
41.1 Introduction
41.2 Natural Oral Care Concept and Application for the New Emerging Disease
41.3 Oral Health Problem in COVID-19
41.4 Naturally Derived Dental Products and Interrelationship with COVID-19
41.5 Oral Cleansing, Nasal Irrigation and COVID-19
41.6 Ethnopharmacology for Natural Oral Care and COVID-19
41.7 New Intervention on Natural Based Regimen for Management of COVID-19
41.8 Conclusion
References
42. Fabricated Plant-Based Nanoformulations: Therapeutics for Oral Health
Santosh Anand and Prabhakar Mishra
42.1 Introduction
42.2 Phytochemicals as Oral Therapeutics
42.2.1 Phytochemicals as Antibacterial and Antifungal Agents
42.3 Phyto-Nanotechnology as Oral Therapeutics
42.4 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
Index
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