Abstract
Nearly all organisms possess a circadian clock, a genetically determined device that generates endogenous oscillations with a period of approximately 24 h. From a molecular perspective, the circadian clock relies on negative transcription-translation feedback loops. In insects, the molecular and genetic basis of the circadian clock machinery has been revealed by the remarkable genetic tools available to the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. However, the dawn of reverse genetics methods applicable to nonmodel species has led to recent significant advances in our understanding of the circadian clock beyond Drosophila. To illustrate the molecular mechanism behind the insect circadian clock, the first section focuses primarily on Drosophila melanogaster as the best established and most detailed insect model. Conserved components of the insect clocks are then identified at the genetic level, and lineage-specific idiosyncrasies and variations in setup are highlighted and further discussed. Functional evidence from non-Drosophila insects is reviewed, and the main descriptive data from molecular biology are presented in an evolutionary context and briefly summarized.
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Notes
- 1.
In this case, CK1 isoforms are coded by distinct genes, whereas the term isoform might also be used for variants originating from alternative splicing or alternative transcription start. See Pdp1 and Kay genes in bZIP protein sections as examples of the latter.
- 2.
Circadian clock genes are often multiplicated in vertebrates, so there are three per genes, the so-called paralogs, encoding three proteins: PER1, PER2, and PER3.
- 3.
The automatic gene annotation is prone to artifacts, and therefore careful phylogenetic analysis is often needed to assign a gene/protein to a particular type (especially when multiple paralogs exist, such as in the case of cryptochromes).
- 4.
Some authors use the term CYC in all insect species, whereas others distinguish between BMAL (activation domain is present) and CYC (activation domain has been lost). See also Fig. 4.3c.
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Doležel, D. (2023). Molecular Mechanism of the Circadian Clock. In: Numata, H., Tomioka, K. (eds) Insect Chronobiology. Entomology Monographs. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-0726-7_4
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