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Biochars and their magnetic derivatives as enzyme-like catalysts mimicking peroxidases

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Abstract

Various materials have been extensively investigated to mimic the structures and functions of natural enzymes. We describe the discovery of a new catalytic property in the group of biochar-based carbonaceous materials, which are usually produced during biowaste thermal processing under specific conditions. The tested biochars exhibited peroxidase-like catalytic activity. Biomaterial feedstock, pyrolysis temperature, size of resulting biochar particles or biochar modification (e.g., magnetic particles deposition) influenced the peroxidase-like activity. Catalytic activity was measured with the chromogenic organic substrates N,N-diethyl-p-phenylenediamine (DPD) or 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB), in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. Magnetic biochar composite was studied as a complementary material, in which the presence of iron oxide particles enhances catalytic activity and enables smart magnetic separation of catalyst even from complex mixtures. The activity of the selected biochar had an optimum at pH 4 and temperature 32 °C; biochar catalyst can be reused ten times without the loss of activity. Using DPD as a substrate, Km values for native wood chip biochar and its magnetic derivative were 220 ± 5 μmol L−1 and 690 ± 80 μmol L−1, respectively, while Vmax values were 10.1 ± 0.3 μmol L−1 min−1 and 16.1 ± 0.4 μmol L−1 min−1, respectively. Biochar catalytic activity enabled the decolorization of crystal violet both in the model solution and the fish pond water containing suspended solids and dissolved organic matter. The observed biochar enzyme mimetic activity can thus find interesting applications in environmental technology for the degradation of selected xenobiotics. In general, this property predestines the low-cost biochar to be a perspective supplement or even substitution of common peroxidases in practical applications.

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Abbreviations

A551 :

Absorbance values at wavelength 551 nm

AA:

Ascorbic acid

BCH:

Biochar

(M)BC1-3, LIM1-3, OL1-8, MC, IND:

various types of biochars (detailed info. in Table 1)

Table 1 Overview of biochar samples used for experiments
Full size table
C:

Catalyst (BCH or IOP)

COD:

Chemical oxygen demand

CNTs:

Carbon nanotubes (SW—single walled)

CS:

Chromogenic substrate (DPD or TMB)

CV:

Crystal violet

CVM:

Cyclic voltammetry measurement

DPD:

N,N-diethyl-p-phenylenediamine

GCE:

Glassy carbon electrode

GO:

Graphene oxide (r—reduced)

GQDs:

Graphene quantum dots

HRP:

Horseradish peroxidase

IOP:

Magnetic iron oxide particles prepared by microwave-assisted synthesis

K m :

Michaelis constant

NPs:

Nanoparticles

NRs:

Nanorods

TMB:

3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine

V max :

Maximal reaction velocity

WK, IM:

biochar suppliers (detailed info. in Table 1)

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Acknowledgements

This research was supported by the Ministry of the Interior of the Czech Republic (Project No. VI20162019017) and by the ERDF projects “New Composite Materials for Environmental Applications” (No. CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/17_048/0007399) and “Development of pre-applied research in nanotechnology and biotechnology” (No. CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/17_048/0007323).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Nanobiotechnology, Biology Centre, ISB, CAS, Na Sadkach 7, 370 05, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic

    Ivo Safarik, Jitka Prochazkova, Eva Baldikova & Mirka Safarikova

  2. Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Palacky University, Slechtitelu 27, 783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic

    Ivo Safarik, Ivo Medrik, Petr Jakubec & Kristyna Pospiskova

  3. Ithaka Institute for Carbon Strategies, Ancienne Eglise 9, Arbaz, Switzerland

    Hans-Peter Schmidt

  4. Chemical Sciences Department, Bernal Institute, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland

    Witold Kwapinski

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  1. Ivo Safarik
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Safarik, I., Prochazkova, J., Baldikova, E. et al. Biochars and their magnetic derivatives as enzyme-like catalysts mimicking peroxidases. Biochar 2, 121–134 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42773-020-00035-5

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