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The Early Cretaceous frog Genibatrachus from China: Osteology, development, and palaeogeographic relations

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Abstract

A thorough anatomical description of the Early Cretaceous frog Genibatrachus is presented, based on 84 fully grown adults and 75 metamorphosing larvae and juveniles. The most distinguishing cranial characters of the adults are premaxillae with a bifurcated facial portion, a pair of frontoparietals contacting one another through a median suture posteriorly but separated by a median fontanelle anteriorly, and free palatines. The postcranial skeleton is characterised by eight amphicoelous presacral vertebrae and an anteriorly convex sacral vertebra, by three pairs of free ribs on V2–V4 (those on V2 small and hook-like, and those on V3 provided with spike-like uncinate processes), by poorly ossified caput humeri even in fully grown adults, praepollex consisting of two segments (the distal one being strongly expanded), and by the tibiale and fibulare fused together at both ends. The development of Genibatrachus is characterised by the same degree of ossification in the forelimbs and hind limbs, no apparent developmental gradient within the vertebral column, and a pelvic girdle arising within the sacral region of the vertebral column, not behind it. The posteromedial processes of the hyoid ossify early, before the end of metamorphosis (when the vestigial tail is still present). The end of metamorphosis is marked by the establishment of a sutural contact between the ilia. The parahyoid is poorly ossified, relatively common among juveniles (from SVL 24 mm), but not reliably discerned in fully grown adults. Genibatrachus seems to be related to coeval Hyogobatrachus and Tambabatrachus from Japan, and to extant Alytoidea, but differs from Liaobatrachus (e.g. by the number of presacral vertebrae). Some skeletal characteristics (e.g. bicondylar sacro-urostylar joint) suggest that Genibatrachus was capable of jumping.

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Data availability

Fossils that support the conclusions of this study are deposited in the collections of the Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Beijing, China, under the collection numbers listed in the Material and Methods section.

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Acknowledgements

We are indebted to Tadahiro Ikeda, University of Hyogo, Japan, for providing previously unpublished CT images of Hyogobatrachus and Tambabatrachus, which we used for comparisons with Genibatrachus, and to Jim Gardner, Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology, Canada, for his final linguistic revision and many useful comments, and to Alfred Lemierre and Raúl Orencio Gómez for taking the time to review our manuscript. This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (42288201) and the Strategic Priority Research Programme (B) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (XDB 18000000) to YW, and by the research plan of the Institute of Geology of the Czech Academy of Sciences (RVO67985831) and by the Chinese Academy of Sciences President's International Fellowship Initiative for 2017 and 2019 (2017VBA0035and 2019VBA0025, respectively) in the case of ZR.

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  1. Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100044, China

    Zbyněk Roček, Liping Dong & Yuan Wang

  2. Laboratory of Paleobiology, Institute of Geology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 135, CZ-16500, Prague, Czech Republic

    Zbyněk Roček

  3. Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100044, China

    Liping Dong & Yuan Wang

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Roček, Z., Dong, L. & Wang, Y. The Early Cretaceous frog Genibatrachus from China: Osteology, development, and palaeogeographic relations. Palaeobio Palaeoenv 103, 799–825 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12549-023-00579-x

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