Abstract
Solar still, which uses solar renewable energy sources, especially solar energy, to produce pure water, is a promising technology as it is abundantly available and eco-friendly. Researchers have innovated in internal and external designs to enhance distillate productivity in solar desalination systems. The present review paper discusses the major internal modifications done in history and recent past to enhance the distillate output. Six sub-sections have been developed concerning historic internal modifications that discuss types of basin liners, water depth, stones, dyes, phase change materials, and weirs. It has been found that among all the historic internal modifications, phase change materials were the most effective with distillate yield enhancement of up to 80%. The limitation in distillate yield made the researchers to perform further modifications to enhance the productivity, and hence, recent internal designs have also been discussed. Recent internal modifications have six sub-sections: fins, wicks, nanofluids, nanostructures, dynamic modifications, and natural materials. Among the recent, dynamic modifications were the most efficient with productivity enhancement of up to 300%, with a maximum cumulative yield of 8.78 kg/m2/day for the rotating wick solar still compared to CSS which gave only 2.21 kg/m2/day. Such a kind of review work has not been performed till date, which covers all the internal design modifications in one paper exhaustively. Furthermore, gaps have been identified, and future perspectives have been presented in the conclusion section. It has been observed that nanostructures, nanoparticles, and dynamic modifications are the most promising internal modifications in recent times that can boost distillate productivity to a greater degree.
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Abbreviations
- AAM:
-
Anodic aluminum oxide membrane
- BGG:
-
Black granite gravel
- CNTs:
-
Carbon nanotubes
- CSES:
-
Contactless solar evaporation structure
- CSS:
-
Conventional solar still
- DSSS:
-
Double slope solar still
- FSS:
-
Fan solar still
- IASS:
-
Inverted absorber solar still
- K:
-
Thermal conductivity
- LHTESS:
-
Latent heat thermal energy storage system
- MDSSS:
-
Modified double-slope solar still
- NIR:
-
Near-infrared
- NPs:
-
Nanoparticles
- PCM:
-
Phase change material
- PDMS:
-
Polydimethylsiloxane
- SS:
-
Solar still
- SSSS:
-
Single slope solar still
- PVD:
-
Physical vapor deposition
- SEM:
-
Scanning electron microscope
- WTSS:
-
Wick-type solar still
- Wt%:
-
Weight percentage
- WTCSS:
-
Weir-type cascade solar still
- Al:
-
Aluminum
- Ag:
-
Silver
- Au:
-
Gold
- Al2O3 :
-
Aluminum oxide
- CuO:
-
Cupric oxide
- Cu2O:
-
Cuprous oxide
- CuSO4·5H2O:
-
Copper sulfate pentahydrate
- Fe2O3 :
-
Iron oxide
- GO:
-
Graphene
- MnO2 :
-
Manganese dioxide
- (NH4)2HPO4 :
-
Diammonium hydrogen phosphate
- PdCl2 :
-
Palladium dichloride
- SnO2 :
-
Tin oxide
- TiO2 :
-
Titanium dioxide
- ZnO:
-
Zinc oxide
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The authors are grateful to VNRVJIET for providing the time and facilities to write this article and also grateful to editors and reviewers for sparing their valuable time.
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Literature search, writing—original draft preparation: Shaik Afzal Mohiuddin; ideas, writing—review, editing, and supervision: Ajay Kumar Kaviti; supervision: T. Srinivasa Rao; writing—review and editing: Vineet Singh Sikarwar.
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Highlights
• The methodology was adopted for advances in internal design modifications of solar still.
• Historical and recent internal design modifications have been discussed exhaustively.
• Historical and recent modifications enhanced the distillate yield of up to 80% and 300%.
• Nanostructures, nanoparticles, and contactless structures are the current hotspots.
• Future perspectives in internal design modifications have been discussed.
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Mohiuddin, S.A., Kaviti, A.K., Rao, T.S. et al. Historic review and recent progress in internal design modification in solar stills. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 38825–38878 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-19527-x
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-19527-x