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Towards consolidation of Gymnopilus taxonomy: the case of G. stabilis, G. sapineus, and G. penetrans

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Abstract

Gymnopilus stabilis (Fungi, Agaricales), a very rare species of unclear identity described from Europe, was revised using morphological data and phylogenetic affiliations derived from ITS rDNA sequences. Collections from the Czech Republic, Germany, and Russia plus reference vouchers of related or similar species were studied. Gymnopilus stabilis sequences form a moderately supported but distinct clade in a lineage containing G. swaticus and a Gymnopilus collection of unknown identity from the USA. The G. stabilis lineage is sister to the G. sapineus clade, a group of species with low divergence in ITS rDNA region. This whole, well-supported group is clearly distinct from the lineage of G. penetrans, a species with which G. stabilis has sometimes been confused. Morphological characters of a recent, well-documented Czech collection of G. stabilis are described in detail and compared with the German and Russian ones. A literature review confirms that the taxonomic concept of G. stabilis has not substantially changed over time. In order to consolidate the taxonomy and nomenclature of this enigmatic species, lectotype and epitype are designated here for G. stabilis, and key diagnostic characters are highlighted. The taxonomic concepts of G. sapineus and G. penetrans are further specified based on well-documented, sequenced reference collections. Moreover, the position of G. hybridus is briefly discussed. The identification of several GenBank entries of G. stabilis, G. sapineus, and G. penetrans is revised in order to fix species concepts in this fascinating group of wood-decaying fungi.

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Acknowledgements

We thank Jaroslav Šťastný, the original collector of the Czech Gymnopilus stabilis collection, for announcing his record. It was noted by the second author of this paper on social media. Åsa Kruys, curator of UPS herbarium, arranged a loan of parts of Agaricus stabilis original collection for our study and provided us with its photographs. Anna Fredriksson and Moa Nordendag from Uppsala University Library found letters by J.A. Weinmann and arranged their digitization for us. H.-O. Baral (Germany) kindly provided us with information and scan of his father’s illustration of G. stabilis from Neubulach, Germany, including a permission to publish it. Tomaso Lezzi (Italy) kindly gave us photograph and detailed description of his record of G. stabilis. Dagmar Triebel, curator of M herbarium, arranged the loan of E. Ludwig’s collection of G. stabilis. Holger Thüs, curator of fungi in STU, advised us the current location of Ludwig’s herbarium and arranged a loan from it. P.B. Matheny (University of Tennessee, USA) sent us data on collection from TENN herbarium. We thank Olga Vaishlya from the Tomsk State University (Russia) for data on the Siberian record of G. stabilis sequenced by her team. Otto Miettinen and Soili Stenroos, curators of H, sent us material from their herbarium. We thank the reviewers, U. Eberhardt and J.-M. Bellanger, for their valuable comments. The work of J. Holec was financially supported by the Ministry of Culture of the Czech Republic (DKRVO 2019-2023/3.I.c, 00023272). Institutional support for the institutes of the Czech Academy of Sciences was provided by the Long-term Development Projects RVO67985831, RVO61389005, and RVO61388971.

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All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation and data collection were performed by J. Holec, J. Borovička and U. Peintner. DNA analyses were performed by J. Borovička and M. Kolařík. The first draft of the manuscript was written by J. Holec and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Holec, J., Borovička, J., Peintner, U. et al. Towards consolidation of Gymnopilus taxonomy: the case of G. stabilis, G. sapineus, and G. penetrans. Mycol Progress 21, 327–343 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11557-021-01745-1

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