Sociologický časopis / Czech Sociological Review 2018, 54(1): 3-34 | DOI: 10.13060/00380288.2018.54.1.394

Women Researchers in the Age of the Five-Year Plan and in the Age of Competition: Women's Research Careers before and after 1989

Marta Vohlídalová
Sociologický ústav AV ČR, v.v.i., Praha

The paper focuses on the changes that have occurred in women's academic research careers and compares two generations: women who built their career under state socialism (before 1989) and the contemporary young generation of women. It aims to contribute to the discussion of how the current transformation of science and the academic work environment has impacted gender equality and women's careers in academia. A life-course approach is used to analyse the interplay between individual, institutional, and structural barriers in women's careers. Drawing on in-depth narrative interviews, the analysis focuses on the interaction between academic research work paths, institutional and organisational conditions, and family paths and examines the milestones that formed the career paths of women now and in the past, how the dynamics of an academic research career have changed, and how the ways and conditions for combining work life and motherhood have changed. The author argues that the neoliberal transformation of the academic labour market and current Czech family policy leave women increasingly less able to fit their life biography into their preferred career model than they could before 1989.

Keywords: gender, academia, research, life-course, women, careers

Published: February 1, 2018  Show citation

ACS AIP APA ASA Harvard Chicago IEEE ISO690 MLA NLM Turabian Vancouver
Vohlídalová, M. (2018). Women Researchers in the Age of the Five-Year Plan and in the Age of Competition: Women's Research Careers before and after 1989. Sociologický časopis / Czech Sociological Review54(1), 3-34. doi: 10.13060/00380288.2018.54.1.394
Download citation

References

  1. Acker, J. 1990. "Hierarchies, Jobs, Bodies: A Theory of Gendered Organizations." Gender & Society 4 (2): 139-158, https://doi.org/10.1177/089124390004002002. Go to original source...
  2. Acker, S., C. Armenti. 2004. "Sleepless in academia." Gender and Education 16 (1): 3-24, https://doi.org/10.1080/0954025032000170309. Go to original source...
  3. Acker, S., M. Webber. 2009. "Women Working in Academe: Approach with Care." Pp. 483-496 in C. Skelton, B. Francis, L. Smulyan (eds.). The SAGE Handbook of Gender and Education. London: Sage. Go to original source...
  4. Ackers, L. 2004. "Managing relationships in peripatetic careers: Scientific mobility in the european union." Women's Studies International Forum 27 (3): 189-201, https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2004.03.001. Go to original source...
  5. Ackers, L. 2005. "Moving people and knowledge: Scientific mobility in the European Union." International Migration 43 (5), https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2435.2005.00343.x. Go to original source...
  6. Ackers, L. 2010. "Internationalisation and Equality. The Contribution of Short Stay Mobility to Progression in Science Careers." Recherches sociologiques et anthropologiques [online] 41 (1): 83-103 [cit. 17. 3. 2016]. Dostupné z: https://rsa.revues.org/189#ftn1. Go to original source...
  7. Alan, J. 1989. Etapy života očima sociologie. Praha: Panorama.
  8. AV ČR. 2014. Výroční zpráva o činnosti Akademie věd České republiky za rok 2014 [online]. Dostupné z: http://www.avcr.cz/opencms/export/sites/avcr.cz/.content/galeriesouboru/vyrocni-zpravy/Vyrocni_zprava_2014_schvalenaAS.pdf
  9. Bagilhole, B. 2002. "Challenging Equal Opportunities : changing and adapting male hegemony in academia." British Journal of Sociology 23 (1): 19-33, https://doi.org/10.1080/01425690120102836. Go to original source...
  10. Bagilhole, B., K. White (eds.). 2013. Generation and Gender in Academia. Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan.
  11. Bauder, H. 2005. "The Segmentation of Academic Labour: A Canadian Example." ACME: An International Journal for Critical Geographies 4 (2): 228-239.
  12. Benshop, Y., M. Brouns. 2003. "Crumbling Ivory Towers: Academic Organising and Its Gender Effects." Gender, Work and Organization 10 (2): 194-212, https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0432.t01-1-00011. Go to original source...
  13. Brink, M. van den, Y. Benschop, W. Jansen. 2010. "Transparency in Academic Recruitment: A Problematic Tool for Gender Equality?" Organization Studies 31 (11): 1459-1483, https://doi.org/10.1177/0170840610380812. Go to original source...
  14. Brink, M. van den, Y. Benschop. 2011. "Gender practices in the construction of academic excellence: Sheep with five legs." Organization 19 (4): 507-524, https://doi.org/10.1177/1350508411414293. Go to original source...
  15. Brink, M. van den, Y. Benschop. 2012. "Slaying the Seven-Headed Dragon: The Quest for Gender Change in Academia." Gender, Work & Organization 19 (1): 71-92, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0432.2011.00566.x. Go to original source...
  16. Ceci, S. J., D. K. Ginther, S. Kahn, W. M. Williams. 2014. "Women in Academic Science: A Changing Landscape." Psychological Science in the Public Interest [online] 15 (3): 75-141, https://doi.org/10.1177/1529100614541236. Go to original source...
  17. Clausen, J. A. 1998. "Life Reviews and Life Stories." Pp. 189-212 in J. Z. Giele, G. H. Elder (eds.). Methods of Life Course Research: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. London: Sage, https://doi.org/10.4135/9781483348919.n8. Go to original source...
  18. Cidlinská, K., M. Linková. 2013. "Ekonomie příslibu: pracovní nejistota a gender na počátku vědecké dráhy." Pp. 51-80 in M. Linková, K. Cidlinská, H. Tenglerová, M. Vohlídalová, A. Červinková (eds.). Nejisté vyhlídky. Proměny vědecké profese z genderové perspektivy. Praha: Sociologické nakladatelství (SLON).
  19. Crompton, R., F. Harris. 1998. "Explaining women's employment patterns: orientations to work revised." British Journal of Sociology 49 (1): 118-140, https://doi.org/10.2307/591266. Go to original source...
  20. Červinková, A. 2010. "Postdokovat po světě: genderové politiky akademické mobility." Gender, rovné příležitosti, výzkum 11 (1): 49-59.
  21. Dudová, R., H. Hašková 2014. "Metody zkoumání životních drah." Pp. 35-58 in H. Hašková (ed.). Vlastní cestou? Životní dráhy v pozdně moderní společnosti. Praha: Sociologické nakladatelství (SLON).
  22. Dvořáčková, J. et al. 2014. Politika a každodennost na českých vysokých školách: Etnografické pohledy na vzdělávání a výzkum. Praha: Sociologické nakladatelství (SLON).
  23. Elder, G. H. 1994. "Time, human agency, and social change: Perspectives on the life course." Social Psychology Quarterly [online] 57 (1): 4-15 [cit. 17. 3. 2016]. Dostupné z: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/2786971. Go to original source...
  24. Erel, U. 2007. "Constructing Meaningful Lives: Biographical Methods in Research on Migrant Women." Sociological Research Online 12 (4), https://doi.org/10.5153/sro.1573. Go to original source...
  25. European Commission. 2010. Study on mobility patterns and career paths of EU researchers. Technical Report 2-PartaII: Industrial researche mobility study. Draft Report [online]. Brussels: European Commission [cit. 17. 3. 2016]. Dostupné z: http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&btnG=Search&q=intitle:Study+on+mobility+patterns+and+career+paths+of+EU+researchers#1.
  26. European Commission. 2012. Meta-analysis of gender and science research. Synthesis report [online]. Brussels: European Commission [cit. 17. 3. 2016]. Dostupné z: https://ec.europa.eu/research/swafs/pdf/pub_gender_equality/meta-analysis-ofgender-and-science-research-synthesis-report.pdf.
  27. European Commission. 2016. She Figures 2015. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, https://doi.org/10.2777/744106.
  28. Fódor, E. 2002. "Smiling Women and Fighting Men: The Gender of the Communist Subject in State Socialist Hungary." Gender & Society 16 (2): 240-263, https://doi.org/10.1177/08912430222104921. Go to original source...
  29. Fox, M. F., C. Fonseca, J. Bao. 2011. "Work and Family conflict in academic science: Patterns and predictors among women and men in research universities." Social Studies of Science 41 (5): 715-735, https://doi.org/10.1177/0306312711417730. Go to original source...
  30. Fox, M. F., M. Linková, K. Bunker Whittington. 2017. "Gender, (In)equity, and the Scientific Workforce." Pp. 701-732 in U. Felt, R. Fouché, C. A. Miller, L. Smith-Doerr (eds.). The Handbook of Science and Technology Studies. Fourth Edition. Cambridge, London, Massachusetts: The MIT Press.
  31. González Ramos, A. M., J. Navarrete Cortés, E. Cabrera Moreno. 2015. "Dancers in the Dark: Scientific Careers According to a Gender-Blind Model of Promotion." Interdisciplinary Science Reviews 40 (2): 182-203, https://doi.org/10.1179/0308018815Z.000000000112. Go to original source...
  32. Hašková, H. 2007. "Doma, v jeslích, nebo ve školce? Rodinná a institucionální péče o předškolní děti v české společnosti mezi lety 1945-2006." Gender, rovné příležitosti, výzkum 8 (2): 15-26.
  33. Harley, S. 2003. "Research Selectivity and Female Academics in UK Universities: from Gentleman's Club and Barrack Yard to Smart Macho?" Gender and Education 15 (4): 377-392, https://doi.org/10.1080/09540250310001610580. Go to original source...
  34. Hašková, H. 2011. "Proměny časování a způsobu návratu matek do zaměstnání." Gender, rovné příležitosti, výzkum [online] 12 (2): 40-52 [cit. 17. 3. 2016]. Dostupné z: http://www.genderonline.cz/cs/issue/30-rocnik-12-cislo-2-2011-zivotni-drahy/221.
  35. Hašková, H., Z. Uhde. 2009. Women and Social Citizenship in Czech Societs: Continuity and Change [online]. Praha: Sociologický ústav AV ČR, v.v.i. [cit. 17. 3. 2016]. Dostupné z: http://www.soc.cas.cz/sites/default/files/soubory//290611162623e29cfae35c3db04b08c.pdf.
  36. Hašková, H., H. Maříková, Z. Uhde. 2009. "Leaves, Allowances, and Facilities: Childcare Past and Present." Pp. 77-134 in H. Hašková, Z. Uhde (eds.). Women and Social Citizenship in Czech Society: Continuity and Change. Praha: Sociologický ústav AV ČR, v.v.i.
  37. Hašková, H., R. Dudová. 2010. "Diskursy, instituce a praxe péče o děti do tří let ve francouzsko-české komparativní perspektivě." Gender, rovné příležitosti, výzkum 12 (2): 36-47.
  38. Havelková, H. 1993. "'Patriarchy' in Czech Society." Hypatia 8 (4): 89-96, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1527-2001.1993.tb00278.x. Go to original source...
  39. Havelková, B. 2014. "The three stages of gender in law." Pp. 31-56 in H. Havelková, L. Oates-Indruchová (eds.). The Politics of Gender Culture under State Socialism. An expropriated voice. London, NY: Routledge. Go to original source...
  40. Havelková, H., L. Oates-Indruchová. 2014. "Expropriated voice: transformations of gender culture under state socialism; Czech society, 1948-89." Pp. 3-28 in H. Havelková, L. Oates-Indruchová (eds.). The Politics of Gender Culture under State Socialism. An Expropriated Voice. London, NY: Routledge. Go to original source...
  41. Hays, S. 1996. The cultural contradictions of motherhood. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
  42. Heinz, W. R., H. Krüger. 2007. "Životní běh: Inovace a úkoly." Sociální Studia 4 (1-2): 157-177. Go to original source...
  43. Charmaz, K. 2003. "Grounded Theory. Objectivist and Constructivist Methods." Pp. 249-291 in N. K. Denzin, Y. S. Lincoln (eds.). Strategies of Qualitative Inquiry. London: Sage.
  44. Charmaz, K. 2004. "Premises, principles, and practices in qualitative research: revisiting the foundations." Qualitative Health Research 14 (7): 976-993, https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732304266795. Go to original source...
  45. Jahoda, R., T. Šinkyříková. 2011. Studie o distribučních dopadech a ekonomickém působení rodičovského příspěvku na české domácnosti. Praha: VÚPSV, v.v.i.
  46. Järviluoma, H., A. Vilkko, P. Moisala. 2003. Gender and qualitative methods. London: Sage. Go to original source...
  47. Kocourková, J. 2002. "Leave arrangements and childcare services in Central Europe: policies and practices before and after the transition." Community, Work and Family 5 (3): 301-318, https://doi.org/10.1080/1366880022000041793. Go to original source...
  48. Krüger, H. 2009. "The life-course regime: Ambiguities between interrelatedness and individualization." Pp. 159-177 in R. Heinz, J. Huinink, A. Weymann (eds.). The life course reader. Individuals and societies across time. Frankfurt, NY: Campus Verlag.
  49. Krüger, H., R. Lévy, 2001. "Linking Life Courses, Work, and the Family : Theorizing a not so Visible Nexus between Women and Men." Canadian Journal of Sociology 26 (2): 145-166. Go to original source...
  50. Křížková, A., M. Vohlídalová. 2009a. "The Labour Market and Work-Life Balance in the Czech Republic in Historical Perspective." Pp. 35-76 in H. Hašková, Z. Uhde (eds.). Women and Social Citizenship in Czech Society: Continuity and Change. Praha: Sociologický ústav AV ČR, v.v.i.
  51. Křížková, A., M. Vohlídalová. 2009b. "Rodiče na trhu práce: mezi prací a péčí." Sociologický časopis / Czech Sociological Review 45 (1): 31-60. Go to original source...
  52. Leemann, R. J. 2010. "Gender inequalities in transnational academic mobility and the ideal type of academic entrepreneur." Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education 31 (5): 605-625, https://doi.org/10.1080/01596306.2010.516942. Go to original source...
  53. Linková, M. 2017a. "Excelence a genderové předsudky v praktikách a vnímání přírodních vědců ve vedoucích a rozhodovacích pozicích." Gender a výzkum / Gender and Research 18 (1): 67-91, https://doi.org/10.13060/25706578.2017.18.1.350. Go to original source...
  54. Linková, M. 2017b. "The Czech research landscape: Shifts in research organization after 1989." In M. Vohlídalová, M. Linková (eds.). Gender and Neoliberalism in Czech Academia (e-book). Praha: Sociologické nakladatelství (SLON).
  55. Linková, M., T. Stöckelová. 2012. "Public accountability and the politicization of science: The peculiar journey of Czech research assessment." Science and Public Policy 39 (May): 618-629, https://doi.org/10.1093/scipol/scs039. Go to original source...
  56. Linková, M., A. Červinková. 2013. "'Vlastní laboratoř': akademické trajektorie a gender v současných biovědách." Gender, rovné příležitosti, výzkum 14 (1): 15-26.
  57. Macmillan, R., R. Copher. 2005. "Families in the Life Course : Interdependency and Pathways Roles, Role Configurations." Journal of Marriage and Family 67 (4): 858-879, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2005.00180.x. Go to original source...
  58. Mary, B., A. Mason, M. Goulden, K. Frasch. 2009. "Why Graduate Students Reject the Fast Track." Academe [online] 95 (January-February) [cit. 17. 3. 2016]. Dostupné z: https://www.aaup.org/article/why-graduate-students-reject-fast-track#.WU0vklpzIV.
  59. Maříková, H., A. Křížková, M. Vohlídalová. 2012. Živitelé a živitelky: reflexe (a) praxe. Praha: Sociologické nakladatelství (SLON).
  60. Mason, M. A., M. Goulden, M. 2004. "Marriage and Baby Blues: Redefining Gebder Equity in the Academy." The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 596: 86-103, https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716204268744. Go to original source...
  61. Mayer, K. U. 2009. "New Directions in Life Course Research." Annual Review of Sociology 35 (1): 413-433, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.34.040507.134619. Go to original source...
  62. McAdams, D. P. 2005. "Studying Lives in Time: A Narrative Approach." Advances in Life Course Research 10: 237-258, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1040-2608(05)10009-4. Go to original source...
  63. Míšková, A. 2002. "Proces tzv. normalizace v Českoskoloveneské akademii věd." Pp. 149-168 in Věda v Československu v období normalizace (1970-1975). Praha: Výzkumné centrum pro dějiny vědy.
  64. Morkes, F. 2002. "Vysoké školy v letech normalizace." Pp. 61-80 in Věda v Československu v období normalizace (1970-1975). Praha: Výzkumné centrum pro dějiny vědy.
  65. Moen, P., S. Sweet. 2002. "Two Careers, One Employer: Couples Working for the Same Corporation." Journal of Vocational Behavior 61 (3): 466-483, https://doi.org/10.1006/jvbe.2002.1886. Go to original source...
  66. Nečasová, D. 2014 "Women's organizations in the Czech lands, 1948-89: an historical perspective." Pp. 57-81 in H. Havelková, L. Oates-Indruchová (eds.). The Politics of Gender Culture under State Socialism. An expropriated voice. London, NY: Routledge.
  67. O'Brien, K. R., K. P. Hapgood. 2012. "The academic jungle: Ecosystem modelling reveals why women are driven out of research." Oikos 121 (7): 999-1004, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0706.2012.20601.x. Go to original source...
  68. Oates-Indruchová, L. 2008. "The Limits of Thought?: The Regulatory Framework of Social Sciences and Humanities in Czechoslovakia (1968-1989)." Europe-Asia Studies 60 (10): 1767-1782, https://doi.org/10.1080/09668130802434620. Go to original source...
  69. Petrusek, M. 2004. "Výuka sociologie v čase tání a v časech normalizace (1964-1989) (Kapitola o vztahu vědění a moci, vědy a politiky, reality a mýtotvorby)." Sociologický časopis / Czech Sociological Review 40 (5): 597-607.
  70. Provazník, S. et al. 1998. Transformace vědy a výzkumu v České republice. Praha: Filosofia.
  71. Prudký, L., P. Pabian, K. Šima. 2010. České vysoké školstvî: na cestě od elitnîho k univerzálnîmu vzdělávánî 1989-2009. Praha: Grada.
  72. Rosenthal, G. 2004. "Biographical Research." Pp. 45-64 in C. Seale, G. Gobo, J. F. Gubrium, D. Silverman (eds.). Qualitative Research Practice. London: Sage, https://doi.org/10.4135/9781848608191.d7. Go to original source...
  73. Saxonberg, S., T. Sirovátka. 2006. "Failing Family Policy in Post-communist Central Europe." Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis: Research and Practice 8 (2): 185-202, https://doi.org/10.1080/13876980600682089. Go to original source...
  74. Saxonberg, S., H. Hašková, J. Mudrák. 2012. The Development of Czech Childcare Policies. Prague: Sociologické nakladatelství (SLON).
  75. Stalford, H. 2005. "Parenting, Care and Mobility in the EU." Innovation 18 (3): 361-380, https://doi.org/10.1080/13511610500186805. Go to original source...
  76. Stephan, P. E., M. M. Kassis. 1997. "The History of Women and Couples in Academe." Pp. 44-79 in A. Ferber, J. W. Loeb (eds.). Academic Couples. Problems and Promises. Urbana, Chicago: University of Illinois Press.
  77. Šebková, H. 1994. "Institutions of Higher Education and the Czech Academy of Sciences in the Transitional Period." European Journal of Education [online] 29 (1): 97-107 [cit. 17. 3. 2016]. Dostupné z: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1503422. Go to original source...
  78. Šima, K. 2010. "Výzkum v terciárním vzdělání." Pp. 84-106 in L. Prudký, P. Panian, K. Šima (eds.). České vysoké školství. Na cestě od elitního k univerzálnímu vzdělávání 1989-2009. Praha: Grada.
  79. Štrbáňová, S., J. Spížek. 2002. "Vzestup a pád Mikrobiologického ústavu ČSAV: šedesátá a sedmdesátá léta." Pp. 219-257 in Věda v Československu v období normalizace (1970-1975). Praha: Výzkumné centrum pro dějiny vědy.
  80. Tenglerová, H. 2014. "The Policy of Inactivity: Doing Gender-Blind Science Policy in the Czech Republic 2005-2010." Central European Journal of Public Policy [online] 8 (1): 78-107 [cit. 27. 6. 2017]. Dostupné z: http://www.cejpp.eu/index.php/ojs/article/view/133.
  81. Tenglerová, H. 2016. Monitorovací zpráva o postavení žen v české vědě. Zpráva za rok 2015. Praha: Sociologický ústav AV ČR, v.v.i.
  82. Thomas, R., A. Davies. 2002. "Gender and new public management: Reconstituting academic subjectivities." Gender, Work & Organization 9 (4), https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0432.00165. Go to original source...
  83. Vohlídalová, M. 2010. Akademické duety: o profesním a soukromém životě ve vědě. Praha: Sociologický ústav AV ČR, v.v.i.
  84. Vohlídalová, M. 2013. "Vědkyně mezi dvěma mlýnskými kameny: o podmínkách kombinace pracovního života a rodičovství ve vědecké profesi." Pp. 99-126 in M. Linková, K. Cidlinská, T. Tenglerová, M. Vohlídalová, A. Červinková (ed.). Nejisté vyhlídky. Proměny vědecké profese z generové perspektivy. Praha: Sociologické nakladatelství (SLON).
  85. Vohlídalová, M. 2014. "Academic mobility in the context of linked lives." Human Affairs 24 (1): 89-102, https://doi.org/10.2478/s13374-014-0208-y. Go to original source...
  86. Vohlídalová, M. 2017. "Academic couples, parenthood and women's research careers." European Educational Research Journal 16 (2-3): 166-182, https://doi.org/10.1177/1474904116668883. Go to original source...
  87. Wennerås, C., A. Wold 1997. "Nepotism and sexism in peer-review." Nature 387: 341-343, https://doi.org/10.1038/387341a0. Go to original source...
  88. Williams, J., E. Westfall. 2006. "Deconstructing the Maternal Wall: Strategies for Vindicating the Civil Rights of 'Carers' in the Workplace." Duke Journal of Gender Law & Policy [online] 13: 31-54 [cit. 27. 6. 2017]. Dostupné z: http://repository.uchastings.edu/faculty_scholarship/793.
  89. Wolfinger, N. H., M. A. Mason, M. Goulden. 2009. "Stay in the game: Gender, family formation and alternative trajectories in the academic life course." Social Forces [online] 87 (3): 1591-1621 [cit. 17. 3. 2016]. Dostupné z: http://sf.oxfordjournals.org/content/87/3/1591.short. Go to original source...
  90. Xie, Y., K. A. Shauman. 1998. "Sex differences in research productivity: New evidence about an old puzzle." American Sociological Review [online] 63 (6): 847-870. Dostupné z: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2657505. Go to original source...
  91. Xie, Y., K. A. Shauman. 2003. Women in science: career processes and outcomes. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press.
  92. Ylijoki, H. 2005. "Academic nostalgia: A narrative approach to academic work." Human Relations 58 (5): 555-576, https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726705055963. Go to original source...
  93. Ylijoki, H., J. Ursin. 2013. "The construction of academic identity in the changes of Finnish higher education." Studies in Higher Education 38 (8): 1135-1149, https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2013.833036. Go to original source...

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0), which permits non-comercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original publication is properly cited. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.