Abstract
This chapter gathers information about the current legal requirements related to the emission of ammonia from animal housing in 24 out of the 27 EU countries and in 7 non-EU countries. Overall, the chapter shows that most of the included countries have established substantial procedures to limit ammonia emission and practically no procedures to limit greenhouse gas emission. The review can also be seen as an introduction to the substantial initiatives and decisions taken by the EU in relation to ammonia emission from animal housing, and as a notification on the absence of corresponding initiatives and decisions in relation to greenhouse gases. An EU directive on industrial emissions from 2010 and an implementation decision from 2017 are the main general instruments to reduce ammonia emission from animal housing in the EU. These treaties put limits to ammonia emissions from installations with more than 2000 places for fattening pigs, with more than 750 places for sows, and with more than 40,000 places for poultry. As an example, the upper general limit for fattening pigs is 2.6 kg ammonia per animal place per year.
This chapter indicates that the important animal producing countries in the EU as well as United Kingdom have implemented the EU requirements and that a few countries including the Flemish part of Belgium, Denmark, the Netherlands, Slovakia, and Spain have introduced even stricter requirements.
Stefan Mihina died before publication of this work was completed.
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Abbreviations
- AA:
-
Appropriate Assessment
- BAT (best available technology):
-
A technology approved for limiting the emission. Technologies are not supposed to be defined as BAT if they involve unreasonably high additional costs for the farmers.
- BAT conclusions:
-
Descriptions of the emission levels associated with the best available techniques
- BAT-AEL (BAT-associated emission levels):
-
Binding emission levels determined from BAT (EU, 2017a)
- BREF:
-
BAT reference document for the intensive rearing of poultry or pigs (EU, 2017b)
- Coll (Collection of laws):
-
Term used in Slovak legislation where acts or decrees are parts of a Coll.
- EIA (Environmental Impact Assessment directive) (EU, 2011):
-
Directive on the assessment of the effects of certain public and private projects on the environment. For farm animals, it applies for installations for the intensive rearing of poultry or pigs with more than 85,000 places for broilers, 60,000 places for hens, 3000 places for production pigs, or 900 places for sows.
- EPA (Environmental Protection Agency):
-
When used, in this chapter, EPA refers to the Environmental Protection Agency in the particular country indicated by the context.
- Fattening pigs:
-
Term used for production pigs larger than 30 kg. The term is used even though some original documents use terms as finisher pigs or growing/finishing pigs for the same category.
- GEREP tool:
-
A tool available online (France, 2017b) from the French Ministry of Ecology and used to estimate ammonia emissions
- IED (Industrial Emissions Directive):
-
Main EU instrument regulating pollutant emissions from industrial installations (EU, 2010)
- IED farms:
-
Farms covered by IED, which are installation for intensive raring
• With more than 40,000 places for poultry
• With more than 2000 places for production pigs (over 30 kg)
• With more than 750 places for sows
- LAE-list:
-
List of approved Low Ammonia Emission housing systems used in Flemish legislation (Flanders, 2004)
- Natura 2000:
-
is a network of core breeding and resting sites for rare and threatened species and some rare natural habitat types that are protected in their own right. It stretches across all 28 EU countries, both on land and at sea. The aim of the network is to ensure the long-term survival of Europe’s most valuable and threatened species and habitats, listed under both the Birds Directive (EU, 2009) and the Habitats Directive (EU, 1992).
- NEC (National Emission Ceilings Directive):
-
EU directive that states commitments for reduction of national emissions of certain atmospheric pollutants. The annex 2 in the directive includes a Table B, which states reduction commitments for ammonia emission for each member country (EU, 2016).
- PAN-list:
-
List of technologies in the Flemish Programmatic Approach on Nitrogen (Flanders, 2014) to protect nitrogen-sensitive nature areas according to NATURA 2000
- RAV-list:
-
List of emission factors used in Dutch legislation (Netherlands, 2018b)
- SCAIL:
-
Simple Calculation of Atmospheric Impact Limits (UK, 2020)
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Bjerg, B. et al. (2023). Legal Requirements on Ammonia Emissions from Animal Production Buildings in European Countries and in Countries at the Eastern Mediterranean. In: Bartzanas, T. (eds) Technology for Environmentally Friendly Livestock Production. Smart Animal Production. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-19730-7_8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-19730-7_8
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