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Changes of the aridity index in Europe from 1950 to 2019

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Abstract

The aridity index, also known as the Budyko index, describes spatiotemporal changes in the hydroclimatic system in the long-term perspective. Defined as the ratio between potential evapotranspiration and precipitation, it can be used to determine wet (humid) and dry (arid) regions. In this study, we evaluated the aridity index estimated in different temporal scales, investigated its spatial patterns, and highlighted the long-term changes in Europe using three gridded data sets (CRU, E–OBS, and ERA5). A significant dry region expansion is evident in all data sets since the late 1980s. The extent of the dry regions has increased in Western, Central, and Eastern Europe, especially at low and medium altitudes. The results show the long-term development of the European hydroclimatic system and which areas have changed from wet to dry.

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Acknowledgements

We acknowledge E–OBS from the EU-FP6 project UERRA, the Copernicus Climate Change Service and Climate Data Store, and the data providers in the ECA&D project, the Climatic Research Unit, and ECMWF.

Funding

The study was supported by the Czech Science Foundation, project 20-28560S (“Driving mechanisms of extremes in reanalysis and climate models”). ZB was also supported within student project “Conditional probabilities of transition from arid to humid environment and vice versa in Europe during the period 1766–2015” by the Internal Grant Agency of the Faculty of Environmental Sciences.

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  1. Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic

    Zuzana Bešt́áková, Filip Strnad, Mijael Rodrigo Vargas Godoy, Ujjwal Singh, Yannis Markonis, Martin Hanel, Petr Máca & Jan Kyselý

  2. Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic

    Zuzana Bešt́áková & Jan Kyselý

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  1. Zuzana Bešt́áková
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Correspondence to Zuzana Bešt́áková.

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ZB, PM, JK: conceptualization, review, and editing. ZB: writing—original draft, data processing, visualization. FS: visualization review and editing. MV, US, YM, MH: review and editing.

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Bešt́áková, Z., Strnad, F., Vargas Godoy, M.R. et al. Changes of the aridity index in Europe from 1950 to 2019. Theor Appl Climatol 151, 587–601 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-022-04266-3

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