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Factors determining variation in colour morph frequencies in invasive Harmonia axyridis populations

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Abstract

The Harlequin ladybird Harmonia axyridis Pallas, native to eastern Asia, is an invasive, non-native species that has recently achieved an almost worldwide distribution. A conspicuous feature of this species is colour polymorphism of the elytra. In its native area, the populations consist of a recessive non-melanic morph, several dominant melanic morphs and small numbers of other (rare) morphs. The morph proportions in native populations have been intensively studied and vary with geographic area, climate and time. In contrast, colour polymorphism in invaded regions has been little studied. We examine and try to account for the morph frequencies observed across the different invaded regions. In America, monomorphic populations consist of the non-melanic morphs while European populations contain also melanic morphs. In particular geographic areas of Europe, the average percentage of the non-melanic morphs varied between 78 and 99%. It was highest in the lowlands of northern Italy and central and northern Europe and decreased in the Alps and western (Spain, UK) and eastern (southeast Russia) margins of the recently invaded area. In central Europe the frequency of the non-melanic morphs decreased over the course of the year but increased over the years from 2010 to 2018. The local differences might thus arise through gradual change of the morph composition of the founder invasive, non-native population. However, the variation in non-melanic morph frequency was not correlated with climatic characteristics that might affect coccinellid polymorphism. The observed rate of change in morph proportions in our data was too small to explain the diversification of what was supposedly a uniform invasive, non-native population at the point of introduction.

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Acknowledgements

A.H., Z.M. and J.S. were supported by the program VES19 INTER-COST No. MSMT-15739/2019-6 (MŠMT ČR), the Project 17-06763S of the Grant Agency of Czech Republic and the Ministry of Agriculture of the Czech Republic, institutional support MZE-RO0418. M.B. by the long-term strategic development financing of the Institute of Computer Science (Czech Republic RVO 67985807), A.A.G. and T.Z. by Grant FONDECYT 1180533, J.K. and P.Z. were supported by the Scientific Grant Agency VEGA of the Ministry of Education, Science, Research and Sport of the Slovak Republic (Grants 2/0012/17 and 2/0032/19), and M.O-B. by Russian Science Foundation 16-14-10031. We thank J. Kohoutová and H. Uhlířová for excellent technical assistance.

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  1. Crop Research Institute, Drnovska 507, 16106, Prague 6, Czech Republic

    Alois Honek, Zdenka Martinkova, Jiri Skuhrovec & Jan Strobach

  2. Applied Ecology Research Group, School of Life Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, East Road, Cambridge, CB1 1PT, UK

    Peter M. J. Brown

  3. Department of Statistical Modeling, Institute of Computer Sciences ASCR, Prague, Czech Republic

    Marek Brabec

  4. Department of Agricultural and Food Science, University of Bologna, Viale G. Fanin 42, 40127, Bologna, Italy

    Giovanni Burgio & Antonio Masetti

  5. Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84322-5305, USA

    Edward W. Evans

  6. Département des Sciences biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, CP 8888, Succ. Centre-ville, Montreal, QC, H3C 3P8, Canada

    Marc Fournier & Eric Lucas

  7. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile

    Audrey A. Grez

  8. Institute of Forest Ecology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Zvolen, Slovakia

    Jan Kulfan, Sandra Viglasova & Peter Zach

  9. Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Via delle Scienze 206, 33100, Udine, UD, Italy

    Francesco Lami

  10. Department of Crop and Forest Sciences – Agrotecnio Centre, University of Lleida, Av. Rovira Roure 191, 25198, Lleida, Spain

    Belén Lumbierres & Xavier Pons

  11. A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, 33 Leninskiy Prospect, Moscow, Russia, 119071

    Timofej Mogilevich & Marina Orlova-Bienkowskaja

  12. Loughborough, UK

    William M. Phillips

  13. Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile

    Tania Zaviezo

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  1. Alois Honek
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Correspondence to Jiri Skuhrovec.

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Honek, A., Brown, P.M.J., Martinkova, Z. et al. Factors determining variation in colour morph frequencies in invasive Harmonia axyridis populations. Biol Invasions 22, 2049–2062 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-020-02238-0

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